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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
. ?  b: [/ {5 c+ l5 u- U& k4 TBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
% Y; a, b* _) N( p/ QExposure to Testosterone
$ ^5 X4 w3 F1 ?- c7 TSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2; m0 ~+ u( c- |  c. U
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
9 Q9 ~4 O$ |0 ?& {# {Clinical Pediatrics2 ?0 u5 M' D. Y
Volume 46 Number 6
+ Z5 l: ]3 {+ C% hJuly 2007 540-543
0 r6 |: {  p" n' y6 s9 b% m© 2007 Sage Publications. F8 {3 y  D2 J  I
10.1177/0009922806296651% G$ S5 F2 p5 J% }5 w9 |. }, f
http://clp.sagepub.com
# R. W" A; _# Y. @) u6 Fhosted at
. H' k5 b2 y* I# s4 i7 qhttp://online.sagepub.com
& G) U4 Y/ X" m9 vPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," i" y# W6 u% y# g: q6 ?
is a significant concern for physicians. Central* C# P- f) o! i5 [( ^. m( h
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 Y1 B: j5 B  C9 F6 a! v7 ^  B" ]" Kthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 g1 H/ t* Q) A! q- v" ]# Q# J$ t
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
$ I" F% u$ a2 U4 J# Zlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
8 ~3 R8 A; \$ p& X8 Z% @  sby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
- @1 `  P4 r# @3 Thair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-8 |  G, P: ^$ d( |, K/ b3 P
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We2 A  W  G- i* b0 q9 M  |5 D
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the- F- [2 m0 x0 Y+ a! @; I1 W
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
1 b$ D& ~1 _& m4 g; E8 Hment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. S  N$ R6 c0 L/ pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by2 g' i% k9 a9 [+ d  l9 X
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 [: Y0 p: w. Y, `
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
; |- _; @& g- J0 t# j  @" Echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of1 y1 d$ M$ s, ]" g, C. E: E  p; n
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
/ d/ b0 X/ Z* H7 b" dbly more common than the rare case report in the3 f' Q- x% W8 Y0 T& M
literature.4$ G4 m/ N# h! r# c: k5 }
Patient Report5 {  D! b& b$ U# j! K( K
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 n/ f$ n0 j" d+ x; L: u' C: `3 M
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
( Y6 @$ z( i% [" L9 @% qof early sexual development. His mother noticed
: Z' x( H5 q, A& J0 B! `" D' Glight colored pubic hair development when he was' ]5 v1 G+ s" J* u9 y+ |/ [- d
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
4 H  S5 L/ w+ P/ x' G) p! j# ]South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
; ]- e! `6 F. L# v4 ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,7 s7 r# X0 X& H* S# P
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of2 I9 p( |' P- G5 n  b- _
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;2 f  X8 p7 q/ i3 S) J2 t
e-mail: [email protected].
* d* q6 D' B- \about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became" c; Y9 V! Q: u, }& O4 m
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-$ }, v$ B/ w. s# J
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! ~: j% z. S9 R  Wwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with, U* M: i; h. D  q2 f0 f5 v
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
0 c' a) b+ T8 P2 d7 w9 ^+ u20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
$ L7 q6 F. n. r1 b% G$ o6 k/ Lof life and was still receiving breast milk along with
5 }* p* J5 ?# @8 a4 `+ o5 c, @solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
) J7 X2 V5 H0 |, Kand his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ I) ^6 w- q; t# J: [% K
was age appropriate.
  |" f8 Y2 m6 kThe family history was remarkable for the father,& `3 b; L% F* M8 @
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
; v. o/ O& z) D$ Jwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
/ e2 W  h; \6 o: ?. v! n; pheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ |8 y: f( q, H% ]( f' m% ^early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
. p  s  |1 P" l8 ]The father denied taking any other medication. The2 S' A0 F% e* x' b- n6 D
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche$ s3 t0 N' H  j/ P  \2 o- i
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
* |- b- ]6 t8 s0 f" v5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-: L( W0 m9 n' @, F9 e9 W
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
. `, [" s: M) u  C( w/ wtives. There were no siblings.( v4 N0 {; O& g6 T
Physical Examination
. v5 @5 t2 a' k5 wThe physical examination revealed a very active,2 h3 V0 P( F" ~$ Z( n: N1 @. g( W
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented' Y0 _. F) h% O0 w, W
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was: R: B* a% p$ g* W: ~7 C
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg) L7 `" A. p, ^6 I# O8 D% Z! f
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
( ^6 G, I: _# yvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
, l& D0 U6 b$ U; |9 Q3 S! Uthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.4 R9 T8 g' M- h
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
& e" l# H3 M  Z5 h5 qenlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
& t- X: O5 Q( z% }* r/ W8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well0 X: D3 T% E8 u
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around+ A: v! P0 V3 b- ]/ U  u
540
2 z0 p% b  _9 Yat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
8 L3 F- J& j# r$ M' Q" Qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The/ f9 J7 v, W4 y' c+ w' Q
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
  X# J* k. _+ _9 sThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat& Y6 a5 ]+ p7 R% \6 a0 O
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no" n# Y" M7 _7 I) u; G3 K  v
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
/ m+ O2 G9 n$ Y1 s/ d# nNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+' o* Z6 e. E8 J5 S; x
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion9 H2 w3 l8 T8 j# R
of papilledema.
$ n9 s: ^' Q$ G6 a+ C+ m: |Laboratory Evaluation( I; d  F" ]1 x! Q
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
4 Z0 t: @& M1 ?: Vusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
  o* }' ]  ~% w0 Y/ _+ k& ]" ]1 `logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
# ?' L3 }% f1 k' xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
" Q% o4 I$ f) t1 f. g2 {1 p8 j3 |showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( d/ a5 v6 O" k' R$ X
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).6 \- a+ T( ^; M8 T  J9 S$ c5 B% b
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
! w$ I/ E9 v- `urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
- x* o" q3 P+ D8 a/ |- owithin normal range for his age. The concentration* h/ Z- x+ ?" J
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" Y! V8 y9 T/ P* k$ I- J. l
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
- }0 \( ?; o% C& Z. C- {$ Rng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-! S1 ?) _5 r, M5 X) l
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 T5 |! V/ j. e
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
* T+ i8 z' z3 k, B* }' F49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 }; n3 S" e+ {- lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
- s# j# r+ h0 S; Q) P% qtisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total& Z0 u6 v$ B& C' P, ^7 J
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),& L% Z, D0 Z0 T- D& Z: X5 M
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# i# n" l: v" e, N) P+ I& R0 T5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
1 ]9 S' ~; w4 P- fstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
2 @, u7 c! ^: fconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 O9 Y  Y  X" {  U9 w+ ], O8 A. K
(prepubertal).
' K. Y+ J5 C0 h9 I* b, F* |! \The parents were notified about the laboratory0 E, |3 P1 G$ w, ]9 S3 k
results and were informed that all of the tests were
1 {2 Z! a( l3 o% `  inormal except the testosterone level was high. The
5 E+ r& p. C9 _1 P: Zfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
/ p% I- J$ g0 @+ Q# Yobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
& {  d1 X& e+ z/ `' Mever, the family did not return for 4 months.
& v8 {9 r* e& [: J% N1 fPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
6 _2 V8 ~: G8 r. [1 Schild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
: b# _+ H% A" N3 U2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
! o  J, G* V! c  L' R0 j# munchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
6 e6 N9 N" k: t3 r' gpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( L* E% W" g2 [$ l4 u4 s) M
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
* A1 Z6 }) r* o& z  v+ OmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
2 f$ r5 b. y3 d* j' N: P: tThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-/ @8 _  ^& S- N0 x+ w8 N- `
ing frequent erections.
- E' ^& y. b* G/ XBoth parents were again questioned about use of
* [1 u- f) X( f9 Nany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
/ Q; G8 c# x! l' C2 R6 a: A4 ?the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
9 {) S  c7 p/ o+ X9 ?6 W3 ITopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
' V9 A" p% X  q1 j$ ~use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
# |/ J9 `& m4 Q$ ]" x8 y: l/ z  fing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for
( q- i5 I2 p( ^  ]a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
* Z  ^3 ^8 [& s$ `* @/ a9 L1 vto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 R2 O0 D4 d* N! _. U7 V/ w4 I
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
1 i0 g9 D+ r6 Asecondary to depression.
9 i) Q- Y9 N5 Q  dThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
! u& y# P; C2 w6 Y9 Z5 MThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
. G. ]: `5 V# @: Vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' V" z4 c' q) B/ knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.7 _0 O* I; h2 g6 U% q, ?
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
) E- U: V3 ]( O+ P4 c' gwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby6 ?- Q4 G$ x* u* G( F5 V' I& l% o- |; ]
was high, he then read the product information
8 \# m3 v2 j" apacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
* J5 ~  I& D$ }1 y  H  Z5 Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they: G% L9 E8 w5 `
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the# _% i' J$ O9 I- ~& z
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
1 w+ ^1 Q9 i* q9 J& p8 nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone' A0 d+ U/ m) V5 _! q
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the
* g2 ?" X( U6 o* L; h. k$ q9 tlaboratory to obtain the test.
" x6 I6 ^, F+ J+ z% nDiscussion( ?* {: f$ j0 {& e" d/ Q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
5 R, ^2 ?  A& g9 T5 S5 d' |sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
  P, n/ [) }7 y  x/ k1 n2 ~Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when/ R. ~" M  t1 Y) S/ h. m& [
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
# g- F, `( B/ m9 c# mthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
* k! T' A4 i6 L& n0 n' q0 x7 N; zmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
" j) M! m! y) w9 L5 Z% Y. `; J4 Pmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
8 H4 [9 V1 H1 I% a4 L4 j( [2 m" @responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
- s2 j* d; C9 n3 Tamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
  i4 W4 ]6 }2 k- H4 Hsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in: N! I8 G. o4 G$ K; p4 W3 D/ @5 H, e
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-4 S6 x7 a8 r2 ]+ z. m3 ]' m
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
  l6 x/ o5 O4 B1 \1 Jrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
& w+ E( v) d, }6 ygonadotropins.1,3- T# \) H3 P) {4 k, B
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 T# r4 k8 [' y  ]cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate" b5 |+ u  r/ C, K' n+ z/ x9 k7 c' n
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or" y9 z8 A) U8 p$ m
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-" N6 D9 t3 Y1 l! r( H. S* e: Y
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing% Y! d% {: t% `" R9 R  z" _
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
& W5 b  N  E8 P# ]3 _$ M! S/ fadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
6 ~& j/ T% X: m  ^) e6 Apuberty in boys.3,4
( s! j- c! M& J0 q5 s6 j5 W3 QThe most common form of congenital adrenal
7 ^- L/ Y, s2 Xhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
7 U% W! X" F. c; [" H3 \& qThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in/ P8 O( `6 k' r% {8 ^4 O
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
0 P3 f9 ?) ~+ h+ ~* c$ Aan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen. W2 Q$ A3 }& H/ E- P( Y
excess.1,3
7 e( a" g  s4 [- U, @* U: wat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from  d  g9 e1 Y9 B! @' U/ l5 Z% e
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007/ q' i+ ?  Y1 ?6 Z9 h& y3 b, ?) J* A
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-" K9 v4 @( S: {( f
independent precocious puberty, which is also known- B) g$ w  y$ B
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a' V5 x+ f: }+ ~. J
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
1 r  Y2 ~( G0 Y! V# swith this disorder are full pubertal development,
$ f  ^( S: S9 Z/ G5 `8 Y0 b1 \including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys/ f' c7 [( x! k3 ?- k: s
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder9 d( @- w/ Q+ K& H2 @
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show& [, S3 e+ H+ n6 A( E
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-3 `6 y. }# d0 I3 g1 F! A+ g: C7 ?
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 X: d$ A7 ~7 F' c# D6 B  y1 [autosomal dominant disorder that affects only  w" R2 e6 [* b+ `
males; therefore, other male members of the family
/ p0 p# _0 o  I# U: r6 q3 z$ zmay have similar precocious puberty.3% C( [2 I8 W( G# C
In our patient, physical examination was incon-' i; d# u9 J& G: ~' _, v/ q8 e
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
" m4 \7 W+ P# ?- A$ {  }" R/ @cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
8 e5 D' W; B: j* p  \4 J+ fwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
& x+ O5 g6 G3 Q2 kstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 a0 F& b# z2 }5 C8 Jtesticular enlargement is not that evident in the2 ^3 ]# r: \$ _& q; w( x/ _
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-. L# E  h6 m/ u* X4 ]$ p& l
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
" e" S3 f- x+ h9 ebiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
, {/ \5 n1 W/ U" Veither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase6 u) n# J* ?" G8 [
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-& G, E& i; z1 r9 V3 |4 N
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.) I# Z2 Q! O2 f) Y' r2 d4 D
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly- K  I, m- Y7 a' d  j  ^# s
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because/ R8 h1 {, F# I. u/ r* H3 A6 S
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
! X( i9 e  o6 m5 x5 }8 Fpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
" s( z; M6 _3 ^4 |! ]& r5 sdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-' I3 i4 v" I3 N2 n, O. t& [
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was, v) t/ s2 f7 o( q' E4 ~
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ y2 U- x6 g6 }6 S* d5 ]1 u
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 a* V7 Y+ H6 R& P; s1 |0 S5 `cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to& B% c6 ?/ z9 H8 E
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& O8 f' Q/ @. i: qSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the9 G  |; Y! g  S% n5 V7 U* {* Q4 Y3 ^
baseline value in those females who were exposed to9 d5 V& [# B- A" r4 z
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
' g& n* `3 w2 O: n5 s, ypartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ s; d5 @5 d9 F$ u; D+ |& P; T: `+ u
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
& z$ O) g" p$ p0 GOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,& T" e& o- I) V5 h& M/ o% ^, P3 L: b
which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that) Y7 H$ M  n& V1 N4 W8 U2 U# O1 V
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-! f3 f, A" V! k# I
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- z" w. X) A" d7 R0 y3 C
active in young children exposed to testosterone
" ^* ]' P5 `" t7 ]exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-$ i+ B0 ?+ R; N1 T* n" @+ \
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to2 R, Y. j* g8 A! G4 v7 m1 i( G% i) c$ \
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in. Q+ L- U! W' |( F4 d! r
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
4 f3 R. p* @; F- }2 [1 C+ cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.4 G8 m/ h# h" K; x4 ?3 h6 d9 ?/ ^
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
* u, c+ ?; E. g# z5 c- A( vearly childhood on pubertal development and final
5 M7 K2 E7 ?7 m1 y; u' ~$ Madult height are not fully known and always remain
; D1 K% w/ a, y2 ^6 ga concern. Children treated with short-term testos-4 z) z' G! L# y3 w$ w7 m: t' ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some* n% U- y) _( T: F: r' I6 a
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
$ S1 z1 h4 K6 z# [& ^4 E) hcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation. a4 O& L3 m/ ]' E  N% Q5 |
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9$ R2 k# y" [' ?8 b
There are conflicting reports and controversy# J3 N% J- Z! b7 r$ r
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult' G! f* F) r- N0 e
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal6 [, N+ {6 G4 y6 p( \1 t5 q1 K9 }
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
) r  a% Y3 Y: t7 N  ]; l1 fulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
9 N8 r. N1 D2 |6 u9 tSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between/ s7 I  n: t! ]2 J( @# L
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
  \: I2 h( k; e& d. ppenile length in clinical studies.
- t, @, f9 Q# ~% y* O/ mNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is# Z' U& I" {% ~6 Q$ k' Q) w
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
$ c6 p: v. g: @% w9 {testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
2 c( f+ H1 ?+ F3 Q; D9 _the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- b: ^* h  D( v6 j
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
% y  ^, H- H+ o( sdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at' _9 k% l9 a# ~; C
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( u  ]1 C* n0 w6 y% s" R" [height will not be affected.7 V7 F( R, ?( P9 Z/ w( s
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-) e5 N/ r; U- |* |
ability of androgen products in our society may- P0 f1 j+ v' \! A
indeed cause more virilization in male or female4 t2 C1 q* G2 l7 f5 V, A5 q' s! J
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-0 O% J9 a. z! }. P, y# e3 }% z3 C
gen products must be considered and specific ques-; ~) F4 u. x6 J8 |% R  \; B
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or  ~. b6 b) A7 p+ h" g* {
gel should be asked of the family members during
2 K* R9 W9 ~) pthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-: \4 i( R4 y  s1 V; q/ V
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
1 V3 q/ U) w2 ^3 Q( Enosis can be established by just a few tests and by
  N4 E' S/ ^; U6 wappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a' c! ~+ Q: e/ W
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
5 {% b! q" e; K" x& w) }& L5 _: Fresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* @4 h6 r/ M+ F" k7 uinvestigation. The primary care physician should be
) R" C/ D- x3 G( L6 c) Zaware of this fact, because most of these children, z; [. i& N' I4 _
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’, }$ y4 m* ?3 v' Q% P
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
* {# y: t+ Q) F% _warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 U3 L: C( K! u) X) {: V# s% w
female child who might come in contact with some-8 S6 c* i4 Y" p3 i3 Z
one using any of these products.4 f* l' K* O  o6 M
References
" }: u+ x* S, F5 [* e) x1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
$ |: x5 E8 G4 [2 r" S  v/ [and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
- ]( v) \$ b" z: y6 K% i- iEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;. y, v- P- }3 c/ L8 @1 v; l0 g
2002: 565-628.0 E: g- _+ E& s+ ]
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
5 a' f2 ]# l4 z/ npuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: a6 C' G% L/ Q; j& ~3 S# bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- X+ }; q+ U1 g5 t7 }+ |/ k
Exposure to Testosterone
0 B- C! P1 c9 G" [' bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. R. J& _9 l, n; p1 y3 Kand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ N3 Y0 T9 O# C0 kClinical Pediatrics
' E" I- `2 ?8 \* e5 d1 ?Volume 46 Number 6
) V. e, b5 C- I6 zJuly 2007 540-543. V! E; |( ^1 D5 `! q+ k
© 2007 Sage Publications2 w0 N3 f- q1 y- x* ?1 ]$ @' _& b
10.1177/0009922806296651
) @; V/ g4 q( a5 r) m9 M( l9 mhttp://clp.sagepub.com# k# s7 \; l8 I
hosted at
) D& D7 q0 X9 _" dhttp://online.sagepub.com
# _+ g% q" o* k/ hPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 t* V2 R7 z0 _is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 H& h6 g% M  x" J2 W9 W+ ]precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# ]% w- {  V! x, X  Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ K0 P" W  y5 M2 q- c/ j! ~" ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ S0 a) @; i6 p, ]! O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 z# h( K* D' z% F1 Mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ I  v/ V9 l5 N! Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; P4 E) p4 z" d0 L; q/ |cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( j$ Z  _# j- `& B( D' _% ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 R/ n0 Q8 v3 p+ |6 |" |4 _" E( k
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: Q8 N% J5 f8 c# j- Y$ Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 K$ n$ G5 }: Z! m. z  N, Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 ~$ K" p+ z' Fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ q& ~3 }5 N/ \1 l3 G1 hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- q4 Z) y: y, z) U+ T6 ]! M" B
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 m! }1 f/ W$ Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. E2 f( a: |& `1 C8 R" T& ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
' c0 u, u3 o( Bliterature.40 F8 }+ E9 K& q9 A
Patient Report+ H9 \" F; m# T& _/ m; G" D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 k3 k( L3 ~# Q1 E3 \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& J0 U$ D* r/ D; h
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# A. I! C; [% A6 A* w( Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was1 u  x- N# y- X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" E" ~$ R" C' c( Q8 RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 [: c' ^! W+ {2 l. w" ~" \
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 G$ `  T9 v' \5 G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ x- h" S; [7 J" s) m4 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 b# y5 m0 e5 J! _7 ge-mail: [email protected].0 \! Y% P6 k- O3 Y, V7 u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! w  k3 X/ M1 U) k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: F7 [# e) e  d3 I% @* ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! h. m$ R# J9 q1 n7 n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 k' [6 w6 ^" z: G& X. |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ U( M1 Y. x# S9 t* b/ ]20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 J3 Q1 d& v, O  G" w% X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# W% U3 Z2 E4 f5 Y: z8 _
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. Z1 p' H. S/ |* d: H% u/ z( ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 E" u% M$ W* f
was age appropriate.
1 y/ Y1 Y. ?, H. y. m4 sThe family history was remarkable for the father,
7 a4 r+ O( f9 D5 V2 ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, g6 Y+ q! G& R6 D* G2 ^which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 P" ~& C* Z) Q% |/ g7 c( D8 H. n" E  Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 P% ~( y9 [# ?0 M3 r* bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% j1 f/ F9 N' g3 d' I
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 C: f: z; Z3 N( x& s$ s! @. w; a" k$ l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, P6 u  A( F! r+ f8 H$ F* H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: s7 l; d( S9 ?7 X9 T" O  U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; k* w( `6 _+ k# i" b7 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" ~9 }! Y) x" z) ~0 a+ itives. There were no siblings., }8 D- u2 i/ ?* l/ b
Physical Examination
- s  b- t# M8 _+ h9 ~' XThe physical examination revealed a very active,
+ c8 S' ~2 h2 uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: i) s5 }2 g: h% Fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( Z7 H0 ~" {4 y* X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# F( L3 Y  }* `" _
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% _2 b, G, I) o# T/ M, g
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. t1 X/ r0 ~% H( O0 w9 E6 U- L, Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 W' K+ M- n% R* V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
) O7 w* S3 B" x' d7 R) Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ h+ d% u! H$ Y7 f! c. O( i9 m4 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( Y$ O) p- L( `# S. d4 q2 Y) y$ h( i7 c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" G5 v+ Y6 o& N- F7 B
540
( P  ?  G/ C7 R4 D+ K: k. Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 A& L4 M, B& i
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ {. e9 j% \/ t0 N5 |! u1 Wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 @$ |- O5 ]0 `& C  r" D( u. IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' j7 \6 d3 J+ h; y3 R
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' Q3 c5 o, j  _. x+ z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% j6 x; {  q, v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: }- [! S: Z" h! B2 J/ b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 R' N% W; H3 o! D8 ]
of papilledema.3 N9 k" t  z: \5 A3 ]2 B
Laboratory Evaluation
: m6 |8 V& X  E! V' LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. {7 |+ Y* w1 D9 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% T7 F& j- D5 J; n) N. T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( N3 n) ^/ V+ x* S/ R: ^+ u: v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ O' H8 Q# `7 w0 n! C# ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- `, @, K5 z! j+ K- R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 F* D6 \; Q( `
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 C6 L6 f$ q. d9 e  _: aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% S9 Q% _3 `; n7 z6 N  D3 {" G
within normal range for his age. The concentration# k( g% w4 V( h) j
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" t& Z7 }4 k  v& K5 C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, O- S, K5 D/ z  o7 ~
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ k  \' N+ i1 Y9 \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& b1 J3 j! z4 Z. P2 Q5 t# @$ f. [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 S1 M- y/ G' g) @  p# r' X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 Y+ V8 g) S5 D0 ^: U8 t2 ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& k/ k$ s1 l+ L4 E5 e+ _! x! S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# O% h( G; @3 T# S7 {0 W/ D
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ ~" h0 O9 s7 ?% W" gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 g" s& A6 L' p" h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& H4 n1 h! m+ N" {; y( pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 L8 N' W+ t& Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 N+ Z( m! r0 Z) W! u
(prepubertal).1 I& g1 h- g7 n# X) A/ e9 I2 s5 {# x" t
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 y: G! |/ H3 @
results and were informed that all of the tests were. J, C% t+ W7 P: t( T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: I9 u+ l2 \, m4 d* C9 `$ m, n
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# i8 p8 E/ O* h& B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 i- n6 x$ y; [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 H5 k" Z9 ^% C6 [2 s4 o% L" o2 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. K* f, j, b* G* ?2 P: K2 wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& O7 i8 O& \# H% I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, j* ~+ h4 {" K7 L' \. [
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 u4 d' ?$ X3 L
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ ~' o6 ^/ \- n2 e6 `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 w4 L# G2 m( b# _/ H8 O
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( e  K( B3 r6 E% ?1 q. E& _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 Z4 \* Q. f2 l( P* [5 U; Ying frequent erections.
( H2 J) |3 w1 t+ |9 |9 ?Both parents were again questioned about use of, c8 |7 ]7 V7 t& R
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 M. u* k0 {+ R9 b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& C, D% h, |) J8 \3 h
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 L. ^5 ~& p5 i/ b+ F3 w8 g0 d# zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 o1 b3 \& a4 T& h, O. v$ aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 _: P$ r7 M3 x% J" ?2 B7 W  m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) R5 Q4 k) G2 D2 l5 q7 g9 h! S6 }to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 K" I4 \" j* p6 `- N* |) S
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ M! M( C$ C5 e6 J) Qsecondary to depression.
% B& `, V: }" ?5 nThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 z0 ^3 g5 i" \/ F6 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 n7 z3 {9 O2 j- W( e$ [4 ]
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# ~& f1 {) n: S& P& u* unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 N% F& R+ Q8 G( i5 X+ PThe father also admitted that after the phone call," m# o4 ]7 O' H3 w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" w( V  ^! A: Y, z5 V
was high, he then read the product information
2 e% u9 l5 g% Rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# a" A- j6 L. dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' |: X0 v1 \7 Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 h- J9 g* F- I* K8 x" z7 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 h( S- k& S* o+ K' n6 [& tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: C8 a# B# i8 O0 y: Btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, W7 p3 w: \2 t7 claboratory to obtain the test.( n, l+ {9 @: ]8 K) U( D8 P; V
Discussion9 _. U, N" \9 P- [! q" [
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; e/ v+ ~9 Y- v1 u) U/ g. {" j1 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 l, Z6 K. _4 \" IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: p/ N$ D/ X+ ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 f8 ^* b5 [, c5 M) g: w! d' |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 H5 K7 ]1 _0 k( p# C  Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 g9 M% @. h7 U/ w" V; e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& z+ v4 v4 i0 yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; u: U& |8 r+ d' `/ \" r0 Qamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' [. c# M* y7 {" esis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, W* Z/ x$ K) {5 |, Pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' ]6 Y' f! u* Q' T; Z$ l# @; iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, `# U# {+ ^5 lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" r" s0 K+ Y$ h# f6 L3 G" l' W; g
gonadotropins.1,3. v1 C1 a/ b9 c& m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; W+ W% q. z4 a$ Mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) U) E+ U: v: d( t9 C; r; t
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 }, n/ o( X/ A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. R- z, i5 f+ f- O* |1 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 ]% S2 Y5 U( Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 u7 j% ~, N1 jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. O4 G: P8 Q1 Xpuberty in boys.3,4
, j+ b+ s1 S3 B* p/ Q+ pThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ b; m- J- q- X$ m5 z/ O/ Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 Z: @0 e  p9 x( ?2 C2 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; X0 r+ U; U& o. v% W) d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 s& n3 |: W/ D: N2 v3 Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# K: F+ s: w: Dexcess.1,3" L" f" c! \$ d) \% |: E4 `, w% f- w2 m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 q* R3 P% Z* G
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 r  |/ _. H" z3 K5 rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& y" u& O2 h# X( e: d/ K& @4 n* ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 ~# M. B# t: p2 _
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 ]+ @# D" }+ ^3 s# O$ W: F+ K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) _* {$ I) b/ F/ @5 Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 }) y( r1 R6 |& t' f5 J* B7 S, eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. Z* j* F0 i2 V: p( W( k: v! U3 Nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. B. \$ c8 g7 H8 oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ F7 ^2 Y/ T  T! L: ?, _+ P: ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 h" P7 {; z' P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: ^3 o1 j7 z* E( G) h$ p
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( p* p% |% u' \" @% |& D0 ?males; therefore, other male members of the family. U: P0 ]  G  C, ^
may have similar precocious puberty.3. O# @1 v2 @) U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 p- e/ k3 z3 D0 U9 K# g% P
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 Y6 Y2 ]$ P* M6 |cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 k- I5 B! F3 \; I8 t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" l  d) M( U  |1 _4 k, E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* |) H$ m) ^: p/ g, Q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* x3 i9 s2 F" B( k8 i
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 W: F- ]3 T5 D: J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 f2 r- E; F- ?: Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
! ^/ {: S: m0 u( A7 Qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ E) h1 ~0 t" `! r" J% l- R. ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-  a8 R2 l' J2 a  I9 Z' V" F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& K" Z" l3 t. I2 S2 e
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: }3 L) {, r, h. b% U$ W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! u$ j% U- a1 Y& j
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) R+ Y; O' b( m2 t! ^: ~- d: s. ]4 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' ]% U  c) |/ h6 b* t3 _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( B' R- R6 V# F5 v6 Z$ V' F
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 _* k+ z$ l( G  h; N* S8 ]+ v4 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 n$ D$ `2 S3 SDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! K; ^0 _" Y! Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" N! b% X* |( l1 v  ]3 k
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 n2 z  F6 T- \1 {: j$ c9 u, I/ DSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 w# H5 @) u6 V5 Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to" z: a2 Z# v, U2 S& z# Q  P  u- e
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ Y7 Q, B5 l! U+ q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# K  u" g  U2 K" y5 H: I; `( Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.3 @9 H& z* U& }2 V5 D" v- f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 B/ M6 H" P  K9 }8 zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. b/ [9 ?9 }7 p, Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 R" _5 {: p4 E% c+ R. _% W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 R4 n3 d$ ~0 @* c% B5 P, ractive in young children exposed to testosterone6 z4 @3 r- v, }+ g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# ?* D+ g3 a+ ?7 p1 d
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- P1 @2 f2 S! W# J4 ]virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ T- t( k; O: j$ K: h6 p, S2 f* r# ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
: E+ s6 g( M! L) Cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 j2 g  k; D: oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
  V! S3 l( a) a: g# @early childhood on pubertal development and final
# i4 r: r/ j* b0 N4 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain% U8 S0 t; t2 G' F7 J7 Y" \. B
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) j4 v, L8 d) L& C) E2 f) X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! w8 P$ G" `, W) P8 T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& N  R$ L$ h" [# W& }" r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 a9 A' o" j. z# H; W1 w* N
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, z0 h( H" S! Z7 t7 J
There are conflicting reports and controversy: L# @2 U- |% `; O4 `  v: l/ P3 W9 }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# s! E# f( |$ A* bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ N7 \& m7 M+ O" Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) U. }& ^4 N1 z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( A6 \# p6 |% @- i% X( WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 r; c4 M5 `0 Z. P6 j" x0 dchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
* B4 ~; g7 F) j3 Z: F4 _$ J. [penile length in clinical studies.
; E" [3 b( [- INonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: k# x) _; \( U9 ]" o/ rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) H) _# W8 x& v# j' W6 stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. w! y6 U- l5 ^4 n' S6 d, H' Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 Y1 q# q* _* _& qAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 r# G$ t9 {& x7 S7 Q6 H% I$ f5 i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: o" r  x; S- E5 ^6 @* X0 h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 F# J/ o3 B3 @8 ^  }( T8 @
height will not be affected.
* E( y% D2 c5 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. D/ ~" B, d' J) vability of androgen products in our society may
- }# U" X8 a4 F& h0 [indeed cause more virilization in male or female
% m5 p8 t6 S- E( d. \/ q# E# f! Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) X' v. Z3 p  I. H4 g& h
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
  @1 U( D, |1 h  s7 E# Ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) m2 ?- J$ b; l6 \* xgel should be asked of the family members during
) L$ ?7 g$ Z/ W& e" w3 N9 tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ I8 g  N' R+ s3 ^+ x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: c, c' e; F' ?; `, P' f& a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( ~1 P3 d  p! pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: M7 Q1 ]) `7 S- `, w
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" l6 o, _4 l+ o: S5 }1 J  lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 h3 |& t1 Q, b" x5 G
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 I. B3 c9 y& u5 f4 v" R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ r  S. C' T, m+ Z( m- _4 Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' \' w( U! N0 V  M" F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 [2 x# K1 g8 f9 Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 P. A1 \) T$ @5 W; u+ D( N% n
female child who might come in contact with some-
" B: r# b8 |1 B( A% y, @, ^2 Ione using any of these products.) G/ k. F+ v: x0 p& ]! a* N: J
References- S/ _5 D. V2 x9 T3 o" }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ I% P* v' v8 T# M
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, S  S8 |& ]/ w0 G, p3 P
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 F1 [; b' E' U& L( B+ Y9 _3 J
2002: 565-628.
, Q( @$ w; p7 |( Y' ]& O4 F3 y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious1 R% V+ _; n$ D- A# Z1 q6 Q) o
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-7 21:59:43 | 顯示全部樓層
這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
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4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

; m0 Y* F4 U9 O/ ?$ B* O精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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