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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
: a6 C' G% L/ Q; j& ~3 S# bBoy Induced by Indirect Topical- X+ }; q+ U1 g5 t7 }+ |/ k
Exposure to Testosterone
0 B- C! P1 c9 G" [' bSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
. R. J& _9 l, n; p1 y3 Kand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
$ N3 Y0 T9 O# C0 kClinical Pediatrics
' E" I- `2 ?8 \* e5 d1 ?Volume 46 Number 6
) V. e, b5 C- I6 zJuly 2007 540-543. V! E; |( ^1 D5 `! q+ k
© 2007 Sage Publications2 w0 N3 f- q1 y- x* ?1 ]$ @' _& b
10.1177/0009922806296651
) @; V/ g4 q( a5 r) m9 M( l9 mhttp://clp.sagepub.com# k# s7 \; l8 I
hosted at
) D& D7 q0 X9 _" dhttp://online.sagepub.com
# _+ g% q" o* k/ hPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
8 t* V2 R7 z0 _is a significant concern for physicians. Central
3 H& h6 g% M x" J2 W9 W+ ]precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
# ]% w- { V! x, X Lthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
$ K0 P" W y5 M2 q- c/ j! ~" ^a higher incidence of organic central nervous system+ S0 a) @; i6 p, ]! O
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
2 z# h( K* D' z% F1 Mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
/ I v/ V9 l5 N! Shair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
; P4 E) p4 z" d0 L; q/ |cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We( j$ Z _# j- `& B( D' _% ]
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the6 R/ n0 Q8 v3 p+ |6 |" |4 _" E( k
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
: Q8 N% J5 f8 c# j- Y$ Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due
7 K$ n$ G5 }: Z! m. z N, Bto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
9 ~$ K" p+ z' Fthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
+ q& ~3 }5 N/ \1 l3 G1 hmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this- q4 Z) y: y, z) U+ T6 ]! M" B
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
0 m! }1 f/ W$ Atestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
. E2 f( a: |& `1 C8 R" T& ~bly more common than the rare case report in the
' c0 u, u3 o( Bliterature.40 F8 }+ E9 K& q9 A
Patient Report+ H9 \" F; m# T& _/ m; G" D
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
9 k3 k( L3 ~# Q1 E3 \endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern& J0 U$ D* r/ D; h
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# A. I! C; [% A6 A* w( Z
light colored pubic hair development when he was1 u x- N# y- X
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
" E" ~$ R" C' c( Q8 RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 [: c' ^! W+ {2 l. w" ~" \
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,4 G$ ` T9 v' \5 G
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of+ x- h" S; [7 J" s) m4 X
Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
2 b# y5 m0 e5 J! _7 ge-mail: [email protected].0 \! Y% P6 k- O3 Y, V7 u
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! w k3 X/ M1 U) k
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-: F7 [# e) e d3 I% @* ?
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child! h. m$ R# J9 q1 n7 n
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with2 k' [6 w6 ^" z: G& X. |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
+ U( M1 Y. x# S9 t* b/ ]20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year9 J3 Q1 d& v, O G" w% X
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with# W% U3 Z2 E4 f5 Y: z8 _
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,. Z1 p' H. S/ |* d: H% u/ z( ]
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development0 E" u% M$ W* f
was age appropriate.
1 y/ Y1 Y. ?, H. y. m4 sThe family history was remarkable for the father,
7 a4 r+ O( f9 D5 V2 ewho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
, g6 Y+ q! G& R6 D* G2 ^which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
4 P" ~& C* Z) Q% |/ g7 c( D8 H. n" E Yheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
3 P% ~( y9 [# ?0 M3 r* bearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.% j1 f/ F9 N' g3 d' I
The father denied taking any other medication. The3 C: f: z; Z3 N( x& s$ s! @. w; a" k$ l
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche, P6 u A( F! r+ f8 H$ F* H
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
: s7 l; d( S9 ?7 X9 T" O U5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-; k* w( `6 _+ k# i" b7 |
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" ~9 }! Y) x" z) ~0 a+ itives. There were no siblings., }8 D- u2 i/ ?* l/ b
Physical Examination
- s b- t# M8 _+ h9 ~' XThe physical examination revealed a very active,
+ c8 S' ~2 h2 uplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
: i) s5 }2 g: h% Fa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
( Z7 H0 ~" {4 y* X90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg# F( L3 Y }* `" _
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% _2 b, G, I) o# T/ M, g
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
. t1 X/ r0 ~% H( O0 w9 E6 U- L, Athe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.6 W' K+ M- n% R* V
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
) O7 w* S3 B" x' d7 R) Senlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of$ h+ d% u! H$ Y7 f! c. O( i9 m4 a
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well( Y$ O) p- L( `# S. d4 q2 Y) y$ h( i7 c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around" G5 v+ Y6 o& N- F7 B
540
( P ? G/ C7 R4 D+ K: k. Mat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from4 A& L4 M, B& i
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
/ {. e9 j% \/ t0 N5 |! u1 Wtesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
1 @$ |- O5 ]0 `& C r" D( u. IThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat' j7 \6 d3 J+ h; y3 R
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' Q3 c5 o, j _. x+ z
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% j6 x; { q, v
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+: }- [! S: Z" h! B2 J/ b
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion8 R' N% W; H3 o! D8 ]
of papilledema.3 N9 k" t z: \5 A3 ]2 B
Laboratory Evaluation
: m6 |8 V& X E! V' LThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by
. {7 |+ Y* w1 D9 Uusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-% T7 F& j- D5 J; n) N. T
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal( N3 n) ^/ V+ x* S/ R: ^+ u: v
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
$ O' H8 Q# `7 w0 n! C# ishowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-- `, @, K5 z! j+ K- R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).2 F* D6 \; Q( `
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
8 C6 L6 f$ q. d9 e _: aurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were% S9 Q% _3 `; n7 z6 N D3 {" G
within normal range for his age. The concentration# k( g% w4 V( h) j
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" t& Z7 }4 k v& K5 C
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20, O- S, K5 D/ z o7 ~
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-$ k \' N+ i1 Y9 \
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
& b1 J3 j! z4 Z. P2 Q5 t# @$ f. [desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to6 S1 M- y/ G' g) @ p# r' X
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 Y+ V8 g) S5 D0 ^: U8 t2 ?was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-& k/ k$ s1 l+ L4 E5 e+ _! x! S
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# O% h( G; @3 T# S7 {0 W/ D
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ ~" h0 O9 s7 ?% W" gand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
7 g" s& A6 L' p" h5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& H4 n1 h! m+ N" {; y( pstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 L8 N' W+ t& Iconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL8 N+ Z( m! r0 Z) W! u
(prepubertal).1 I& g1 h- g7 n# X) A/ e9 I2 s5 {# x" t
The parents were notified about the laboratory6 y: G! |/ H3 @
results and were informed that all of the tests were. J, C% t+ W7 P: t( T
normal except the testosterone level was high. The: I9 u+ l2 \, m4 d* C9 `$ m, n
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to# i8 p8 E/ O* h& B
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-0 i- n6 x$ y; [
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.6 H5 k" Z9 ^% C6 [2 s4 o% L" o2 ]
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. K* f, j, b* G* ?2 P: K2 wchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained& O7 i8 O& \# H% I
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained, j* ~+ h4 {" K7 L' \. [
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 u4 d' ?$ X3 L
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
/ ~' o6 ^/ \- n2 e6 `the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 27 w4 L# G2 m( b# _/ H8 O
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.( e K( B3 r6 E% ?1 q. E& _
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
5 Z4 \* Q. f2 l( P* [5 U; Ying frequent erections.
( H2 J) |3 w1 t+ |9 |9 ?Both parents were again questioned about use of, c8 |7 ]7 V7 t& R
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 M. u* k0 {+ R9 b
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the& C, D% h, |) J8 \3 h
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
9 L. ^5 ~& p5 i/ b+ F3 w8 g0 d# zuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
2 o1 b3 \& a4 T& h, O. v$ aing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for8 _: P$ r7 M3 x% J" ?2 B7 W m
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
) R5 Q4 k) G2 D2 l5 q7 g9 h! S6 }to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-6 K" I4 \" j* p6 `- N* |) S
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
$ M! M( C$ C5 e6 J) Qsecondary to depression.
% B& `, V: }" ?5 nThe child slept in the same bed with parents.1 z0 ^3 g5 i" \/ F6 w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 n7 z3 {9 O2 j- W( e$ [4 ]
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
# ~& f1 {) n: S& P& u* unificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
3 N% F& R+ Q8 G( i5 X+ PThe father also admitted that after the phone call," m# o4 ]7 O' H3 w
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby" w( V ^! A: Y, z5 V
was high, he then read the product information
2 e% u9 l5 g% Rpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
# a" A- j6 L. dson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
' |: X0 v1 \7 Ydecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 h- J9 g* F- I* K8 x" z7 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
4 h( S- k& S* o+ K' n6 [& tbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: C8 a# B# i8 O0 y: Btest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
, W7 p3 w: \2 t7 claboratory to obtain the test.( n, l+ {9 @: ]8 K) U( D8 P; V
Discussion9 _. U, N" \9 P- [! q" [
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary
; e/ v+ ~9 Y- v1 u) U/ g. {" j1 hsexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
3 l, Z6 K. _4 \" IPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
: p/ N$ D/ X+ ]it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
0 f8 ^* b5 [, c5 M) g: w! d' |thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 H5 K7 ]1 _0 k( p# C Kmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP4 g9 M% @. h7 U/ w" V; e
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
& z+ v4 v4 i0 yresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
; u: U& |8 r+ d' `/ \" r0 Qamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
' [. c# M* y7 {" esis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
, W* Z/ x$ K) {5 |, Pboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' ]6 Y' f! u* Q' T; Z$ l# @; iization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
, `# U# {+ ^5 lrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by" r" s0 K+ Y$ h# f6 L3 G" l' W; g
gonadotropins.1,3. v1 C1 a/ b9 c& m
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
; W+ W% q. z4 a$ Mcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate) U) E+ U: v: d( t9 C; r; t
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or7 }, n/ o( X/ A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-. R- z, i5 f+ f- O* |1 M
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
0 ]% S2 Y5 U( Vcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
7 u7 j% ~, N1 jadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
. O4 G: P8 Q1 Xpuberty in boys.3,4
, j+ b+ s1 S3 B* p/ Q+ pThe most common form of congenital adrenal
+ b; m- J- q- X$ m5 z/ O/ Rhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.6 Z: @0 e p9 x( ?2 C2 @
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in; X0 r+ U; U& o. v% W) d
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
1 s& n3 |: W/ D: N2 v3 Ean adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
# K: F+ s: w: Dexcess.1,3" L" f" c! \$ d) \% |: E4 `, w% f- w2 m
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 q* R3 P% Z* G
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 r |/ _. H" z3 K5 rA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-& y" u& O2 h# X( e: d/ K& @4 n* ]
independent precocious puberty, which is also known3 ~# M. B# t: p2 _
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a1 ]+ @# D" }+ ^3 s# O$ W: F+ K
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
) _* {$ I) b/ F/ @5 Twith this disorder are full pubertal development,
7 }) y( r1 R6 |& t' f5 J* B7 S, eincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
. Z* j* F0 i2 V: p( W( k: v! U3 Nwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
. B. \$ c8 g7 H8 oare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
+ F7 ^2 Y/ T T! L: ?, _+ P: ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-2 h" P7 {; z' P
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked: ^3 o1 j7 z* E( G) h$ p
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
( p* p% |% u' \" @% |& D0 ?males; therefore, other male members of the family. U: P0 ] G C, ^
may have similar precocious puberty.3. O# @1 v2 @) U
In our patient, physical examination was incon-0 p- e/ k3 z3 D0 U9 K# g% P
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 Y6 Y2 ]$ P* M6 |cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 k- I5 B! F3 \; I8 t
was in the differential diagnosis because his father" l d) M( U |1 _4 k, E
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,* |) H$ m) ^: p/ g, Q
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the* x3 i9 s2 F" B( k8 i
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-7 W: F- ]3 T5 D: J
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 f2 r- E; F- ?: Pbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
! ^/ {: S: m0 u( A7 Qeither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase$ E) h1 ~0 t" `! r" J% l- R. ^
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find- a8 R2 l' J2 a I9 Z' V" F
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.& K" Z" l3 t. I2 S2 e
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly: }3 L) {, r, h. b% U$ W
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because! u$ j% U- a1 Y& j
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
) R+ Y; O' b( m2 t! ^: ~- d: s. ]4 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
' ]% U c) |/ h6 b* t3 _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-( B' R- R6 V# F5 v6 Z$ V' F
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
5 _* k+ z$ l( G h; N* S8 ]+ v4 iusing it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
0 n$ D$ `2 S3 SDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or! K; ^0 _" Y! Z
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to" N! b% X* |( l1 v ]3 k
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
3 n2 z F6 T- \1 {: j$ c9 u, I/ DSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 w# H5 @) u6 V5 Ebaseline value in those females who were exposed to" z: a2 Z# v, U2 S& z# Q P u- e
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male$ Y7 Q, B5 l! U+ q
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
# K u" g U2 K" y5 H: I; `( Gtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.3 @9 H& z* U& }2 V5 D" v- f
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
3 B/ M6 H" P K9 }8 zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that. b/ [9 ?9 }7 p, Y
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-6 R" _5 {: p4 E% c+ R. _% W
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 R4 n3 d$ ~0 @* c% B5 P, ractive in young children exposed to testosterone6 z4 @3 r- v, }+ g
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-# ?* D+ g3 a+ ?7 p1 d
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- P1 @2 f2 S! W# J4 ]virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ T- t( k; O: j$ K: h6 p, S2 f* r# ochildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
: E+ s6 g( M! L) Cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
9 j2 g k; D: oThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
V! S3 l( a) a: g# @early childhood on pubertal development and final
# i4 r: r/ j* b0 N4 Tadult height are not fully known and always remain% U8 S0 t; t2 G' F7 J7 Y" \. B
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-) j4 v, L8 d) L& C) E2 f) X
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some! w8 P$ G" `, W) P8 T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after& N R$ L$ h" [# W& }" r
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation5 a9 A' o" j. z# H; W1 w* N
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9, z0 h( H" S! Z7 t7 J
There are conflicting reports and controversy: L# @2 U- |% `; O4 ` v: l/ P3 W9 }
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
# s! E# f( |$ A* bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
+ N7 \& m7 M+ O" Xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-) U. }& ^4 N1 z
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( A6 \# p6 |% @- i% X( WSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
1 r; c4 M5 `0 Z. P6 j" x0 dchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
* B4 ~; g7 F) j3 Z: F4 _$ J. [penile length in clinical studies.
; E" [3 b( [- INonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
: k# x) _; \( U9 ]" o/ rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
) H) _# W8 x& v# j' W6 stestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. w! y6 U- l5 ^4 n' S6 d, H' Tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
2 Y1 q# q* _* _& qAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of4 r# G$ t9 {& x7 S7 Q6 H% I$ f5 i
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at: o" r x; S- E5 ^6 @* X0 h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult8 F# J/ o3 B3 @8 ^ }( T8 @
height will not be affected.
* E( y% D2 c5 DAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. D/ ~" B, d' J) vability of androgen products in our society may
- }# U" X8 a4 F& h0 [indeed cause more virilization in male or female
% m5 p8 t6 S- E( d. \/ q# E# f! Vchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-) X' v. Z3 p I. H4 g& h
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
@1 U( D, |1 h s7 E# Ptioning about the use of a testosterone product or
) m2 ?- J$ b; l6 \* xgel should be asked of the family members during
) L$ ?7 g$ Z/ W& e" w3 N9 tthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ I8 g N' R+ s3 ^+ x
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-: c, c' e; F' ?; `, P' f& a
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
( ~1 P3 d p! pappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a: M7 Q1 ]) `7 S- `, w
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
" l6 o, _4 l+ o: S5 }1 J lresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive1 h3 |& t1 Q, b" x5 G
investigation. The primary care physician should be2 I. B3 c9 y& u5 f4 v" R
aware of this fact, because most of these children
+ r S. C' T, m+ Z( m- _4 Mmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’' \' w( U! N0 V M" F
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
7 [2 x# K1 g8 f9 Jwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 P. A1 \) T$ @5 W; u+ D( N% n
female child who might come in contact with some-
" B: r# b8 |1 B( A% y, @, ^2 Ione using any of these products.) G/ k. F+ v: x0 p& ]! a* N: J
References- S/ _5 D. V2 x9 T3 o" }
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ I% P* v' v8 T# M
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric, S S8 |& ]/ w0 G, p3 P
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;5 F1 [; b' E' U& L( B+ Y9 _3 J
2002: 565-628.
, Q( @$ w; p7 |( Y' ]& O4 F3 y2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious1 R% V+ _; n$ D- A# Z1 q6 Q) o
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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