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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
4 U1 p8 x& w3 F' w& oBoy Induced by Indirect Topical( v0 s  S- G# s5 _2 b
Exposure to Testosterone
! A7 q3 p  V+ P& K/ WSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) R/ s9 I; q# H; l; q* t! h4 ~: O
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 T  b4 x. X  T% t% O" I
Clinical Pediatrics6 T( I/ a+ J* L! v' B% n( g
Volume 46 Number 6
4 z; n% J& ^2 x! E9 @1 ZJuly 2007 540-543
; l, B2 G. Q# g" P& L) e) z© 2007 Sage Publications0 V. L/ d5 G. }3 G; k
10.1177/00099228062966518 k# r& a7 ?, K% O1 p; q
http://clp.sagepub.com4 g1 y/ @" i6 @1 R
hosted at) \# @1 M/ T; u6 F4 P6 V
http://online.sagepub.com
+ a6 ]. s6 M. D$ ]7 L; NPrecocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,6 W, V! y+ g  ^- R( z# \
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
8 H# v) m0 F! L- D* C" q, h9 u' N$ Eprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated7 H) Q6 C1 G. s8 A/ n( @9 m
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
) m9 q/ h- [% i- ~3 P: m  y/ x( Z5 ~a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
/ ~$ g2 N. z! ]/ i% R- }/ k4 qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested4 n7 z# r# y5 _
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic( r6 z; w% g! \. o+ i
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
# X$ f. v% c: ?cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We  \7 h  p; X% w! r
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the/ G- z. K& w$ M  @
enlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
+ [9 K9 v0 y. c! h2 Dment without testicular enlargement, which was due
) ^6 }9 F; f/ pto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by  O& i* p( O( e* P" K$ D
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-2 e7 e2 D1 g$ D! [6 e! C$ o
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 i+ a4 ?: E" Y) I: y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of$ T' i5 [4 K. ]* Z0 j+ K$ S$ F+ s
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-( B  o  Y  H. O. P* V% h$ U
bly more common than the rare case report in the
5 W7 T/ c9 B' {: ~( `9 |literature.4
! v, P( N& v1 _5 |2 K7 B: tPatient Report
" ?' t, T* N  z- YA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
2 {; w' s  D8 P3 p/ Bendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
) ?. Z5 Z% E# `# F$ [" m, wof early sexual development. His mother noticed
6 i- U' k5 B8 [1 G& O, r. Ulight colored pubic hair development when he was
6 w- }( x" i, C  ^8 U9 I, f7 WFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
8 L& \1 j, G! I" M; I2 LSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 X5 F3 y8 w" MAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,& T" `8 a  W# \' U/ \
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
' Y2 G1 d4 Z0 E& z0 O& y& mMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;' G' K  E( T  @5 n; p" p2 G
e-mail: [email protected].9 n$ y% l6 l, y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 \1 f  C) ]. L" q  Idarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-* B) b$ u3 q, Z) S
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
! S) ?% G2 W6 V! Z! lwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
7 h. ^7 w- n' a8 n& M% `; \a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
) s+ j% p+ n3 F2 H# P20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year4 o, y6 y! K# R6 g/ H* z
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
' T) v8 e' Y0 z& e' {) L/ Qsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
3 M  Y  W# H5 B7 O4 {1 p$ q3 _and his psychosocial and psychomotor development+ I; o1 B  ~; W4 P/ _. y( l4 u6 Q2 ?
was age appropriate.
6 q8 S& a- O3 @1 i: A  h- P& z2 hThe family history was remarkable for the father,
3 [; s: y1 \" x+ K7 Rwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: |, i$ N, O% Z6 S
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s/ p/ f- f1 t( ^% U& w. L! K
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
  A6 j9 V1 p& y& O5 g# Pearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.) y9 i. a8 i. s- J. n& D$ w' j
The father denied taking any other medication. The
1 k% ^1 f* F/ u& K9 w# `& Y0 mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
6 H4 S7 e: F$ t& r" ]8 b! ewas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) X0 H5 }  v6 s, p  m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
4 x- [5 E  P" v( H0 `" bcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-6 H) E" @# `; g/ }% D3 }/ o
tives. There were no siblings.7 K/ F  O: }) l7 ?  H. B  w
Physical Examination% L/ {2 R% H9 v8 P- J" O: d
The physical examination revealed a very active,/ i' L: M' T; C, j3 @
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented/ O" f5 K' K( o' E8 t: a  p
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was) f" m0 p9 h5 [( }4 Q6 o& H
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
4 E7 {- G& }: ^& u) s( K4 P(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth% p% }1 |. r% K( |, g( S4 _
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of; ]+ a. ?; ~- r( D. t; H8 \2 M( B% P
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
8 J) P) w9 [+ w$ I; wThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for2 N6 q6 t: o5 i6 v2 k; L; ?
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of* q* O1 e- ?6 [2 g2 W# T
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
0 x/ X1 G8 i# m' i  F# [5 _developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
" G/ {9 O& E1 A2 c& n! F% z2 @" }540
% W& H& m. d. T+ @; z9 H$ vat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from' [) H0 h/ m; U' j
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
. d2 c$ I4 ]9 Ytesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.. _! j# R, t+ |* r3 p) I; L0 _
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat  u7 j$ L/ Z. f1 p" R
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
" T3 T$ W6 Q: ~& R0 nabnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.* X- S7 p4 F/ u* J' B- s
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
3 ]6 {+ V$ b3 G) y) X# mbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion6 e3 t5 z$ j5 e  D, X
of papilledema.7 M9 H$ O8 z" J! k0 N
Laboratory Evaluation8 \# ]" }6 ^  Q  g
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
# q5 I$ W5 c: g" g2 g& _using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
# s+ f: p; k# w9 `# b/ S; Ulogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal- H: C1 V1 c( g  c
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test; _5 D$ _! r: e  |
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( {/ A9 ?" ?; ?4 g8 a3 {$ R
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).1 I2 [! N$ b0 T) H: X
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- s+ W; B, e- n3 B* m* _9 Qurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
& f4 x$ k" z. \: l( S4 ~within normal range for his age. The concentration, Z0 {* {- e* G% ?
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL2 Z" ~" G% t  U1 L6 A# N( y
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 202 f1 s0 C- P. u3 ]
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-& f" ]2 }* H* `# V4 r3 _
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),+ m- O, E" U5 @8 {
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
1 r9 m5 _/ M2 v; E' H49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
9 S) z; F. f$ o4 ^; e8 v- L$ }" Bwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-
  V) j9 l2 G% J) E- i) Ltisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 @( f! K6 M% [
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
+ M* j5 H1 G5 g) N7 E6 L+ Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
8 S: i; |6 D8 H5 G% ^5 T2 e5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, y: R' s5 J4 |! u4 F( [" cstimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
; H* C( D7 S7 ^, }5 d% ~concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
' A0 D" S( C  e% l& S3 ^" q(prepubertal).
. H! P& V: r& O4 `4 V. v, Y% eThe parents were notified about the laboratory
2 O% ?1 _6 S+ Rresults and were informed that all of the tests were
1 l9 x2 F/ l2 ^5 k1 r1 r& a* o2 Cnormal except the testosterone level was high. The
; r- I+ k4 g% [+ Mfollow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
1 N# D1 c, D! }/ [. ^5 Nobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
) H. V# X/ i. a1 U: g* qever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 n% `5 n$ l# R1 u5 k2 m( Z* o
Physical examination at this time revealed that the3 P, o1 G5 T1 b0 F+ E
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" O4 k8 g" l" V- _/ F& C& \2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
& v8 }! ^) l* V) B; A) B4 lunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-) n. W' [, G6 y: u- k
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at  N/ v& P4 ~6 ~% M- Y* ~. R4 Z: \
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2/ ~( N( H6 ~5 L
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.9 e3 B0 |6 E* L7 G4 ?& U
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-3 ?% }% P, o+ T5 g3 V, d
ing frequent erections." Q! ^5 n1 T( D4 s8 e3 j5 U
Both parents were again questioned about use of
0 u+ E! e8 t3 Z: \any ointment/creams that they may have applied to9 @- P: l7 Z& S: i
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the# v0 l% n. Y) ?' ^
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541
, ^# }1 L' R0 c- kuse of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
9 ?0 c9 P/ k( |' zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for% r* ~6 y4 \0 U( F) r7 B  h/ ^
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed8 j6 W1 b% o4 @: i5 Y6 b% P
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-; |( r9 B3 o# K
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido5 x/ x1 k8 M; i1 v4 N0 ^; n1 x
secondary to depression.
: @% b/ h/ o0 o- a, mThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
: L) z; T' \6 ^  G$ }* OThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his7 R3 ~( d3 b" ^* \2 Z8 k" Z: J" \9 n6 {
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
2 `1 p: J. ?* Enificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
' [, q3 Z* l7 }4 }9 A. VThe father also admitted that after the phone call,
  c: a( [  E7 t- i$ O  _) vwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby
& w9 [. I) X3 X( {6 X( Wwas high, he then read the product information6 d  z% `. l& a) c: r8 x
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! p: l+ z1 }7 C: Gson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
) z) a1 |# y  x6 ?7 Qdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the9 x1 X& a: m# {, s. v6 h' ]7 ~
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 s( e3 U3 y+ Rbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
: q: |  a9 R- H. L* A; rtest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
6 W7 h9 \) L: x9 V9 W: t7 Olaboratory to obtain the test.2 }6 t. s. [: k9 c/ r
Discussion( J7 [# ?0 R2 w3 A6 F; l) Y3 K& Q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary3 f  q9 S: Q8 a" ^1 \- s
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
% T& ?9 l$ Z2 l4 WPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
2 d6 @  s) X% Z- E0 Rit is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
" n0 {6 s" x2 k$ X  C! b$ Tthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-3 U2 i5 R4 T, O4 U
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
1 }6 u7 {/ u/ {% b6 o$ T) T. |, S( rmay have a central nervous system lesion that is
3 [$ Z  }3 U3 p; d  T0 ~0 Bresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-1 R8 M: n" T+ ~  g. p
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-" S  ~( N; c: ~1 B$ X
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: x: C( z/ ]2 t, P: B4 I) aboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
1 P- @, |9 \6 s- a6 x" Yization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-4 Q9 u" g& p1 s* j
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by( v3 C* F# D1 b" |: E
gonadotropins.1,31 n$ d, v; U! r
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-- r* K( |1 G: }6 m" b, G
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
+ O- m9 e2 g$ g, ?9 h2 |* r$ q  Pandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
6 |5 d; x$ Y6 V& _) Bexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
# [5 K6 ^& d  `9 u: p% nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
+ \& k& n' g, [, X5 P- Ncongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive1 o! N8 R: f0 \* g& N, L
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
) H5 C5 A9 T9 g- p0 g4 }puberty in boys.3,4
' {( `3 z" D) e* @" {" eThe most common form of congenital adrenal
% e; O& |+ J7 L7 J5 [hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
6 z0 r( h2 t0 b% o( p: R4 [2 hThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in5 d+ a5 k" d/ v% N
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
& D/ e! Z6 m  ?0 \2 Zan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen& a& w8 ?1 _6 z
excess.1,36 o0 E1 L$ w- e( s( X! H
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from- A) S2 X) C' X1 {+ ~
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 P$ N( P# a7 o# ^8 O& s
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
3 J2 ?5 z3 Z# {; f) cindependent precocious puberty, which is also known6 W% S2 I; w/ a; S0 J2 W
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
, B  i; a( X( t( d6 P) x. d) nvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
! z, y% R2 f  Y5 k- s/ n! Kwith this disorder are full pubertal development,6 ~! c% v& B. u5 K$ W
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys; f7 h7 F2 b" k7 s) j) B. B
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder  J$ l" a. D% C7 g
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show  c3 F/ B  f" I4 O. x
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
" l6 O! o6 {4 Rreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
5 [/ c, }! v4 Z1 ]autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
; D* l9 K7 K) I5 P. s8 I: g. |males; therefore, other male members of the family. X/ r. w& S: g. c
may have similar precocious puberty.3
+ L: }9 B. S" GIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
& d5 A. |& `) Q  k$ h) w8 Ssistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-2 m9 U; Y0 v8 E0 r3 b
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
. J0 u1 t* f8 Jwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
6 E+ q% U7 N8 y* |4 ~0 Zstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,: O5 H$ z" F9 p5 ]
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the0 {0 @0 u- P* A  b
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
" B5 D& l$ C, v; ?- O1 Uative initial history of androgen exposure, our. {& s9 }/ V/ e9 v
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
$ j+ k' q! {, v% M+ G  neither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
( t9 F4 t- B% u5 k) w8 I2 N& ]deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
% p# Y7 S3 A+ Z! ?ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
. p: t4 j. y# x; G. E/ w7 j5 g) c8 H! iThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
/ x! a+ P' f9 B. D/ gsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because6 ?! N7 L5 d& R' O0 i: r
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-# V/ C- A3 F8 Q9 _( ?5 x
pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
; w3 x; U: P& M2 J4 Zdecreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
  K3 {6 O: u- nterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was) H) I# H/ S* W2 ~) k6 I8 Y
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’. X6 y$ V2 j4 m3 o2 A
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* {; A% H1 }2 r' F1 l
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
) G: s: \5 Z, \* ounprotected females through direct skin exposure.
" [6 I1 s, F: F5 a+ s2 uSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the/ p8 n1 s/ V4 I: |1 o( x5 {
baseline value in those females who were exposed to( u! q* R3 C5 ^$ B+ Z2 `7 x; j
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
& V( e) c/ I: F7 H: Fpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' R# T/ E9 z+ l+ E, K/ s: F
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; `. a/ G  ]1 J8 e9 T/ G
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
, p4 e2 u+ j- K: Rwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
0 h. u' ^6 `; u* X- y3 ?dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-8 }5 z& A: e( j+ s+ `
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more5 V; S3 D5 {2 ]# c
active in young children exposed to testosterone3 q% D" [# p" G7 S4 B) M8 N
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
( z8 \0 u# H3 m& r. Zdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to6 |8 ~/ e$ L6 j! B$ Z  x' Y
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in- M0 j7 w% H, H5 ]5 C8 C
children results in an increase in growth velocity and% U, y1 E  _% D  ~
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.1 y. N, ]% I) L: x* K# M- Z
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during9 @7 b* m) ]' d& D
early childhood on pubertal development and final! e4 m8 R( C3 v% N1 q# J
adult height are not fully known and always remain
& k3 R) k; j" G* i3 |4 Pa concern. Children treated with short-term testos-* l& g8 {2 `% v, I/ |/ ?
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
6 U5 ~/ x- N+ D$ {3 I; Y, qacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after9 W* @, c9 d+ W5 }
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation% o7 p+ D( y0 s2 V7 r3 @
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
* {$ E) u6 }6 Z' v: f& D$ PThere are conflicting reports and controversy' h( B) B" I( y$ _. N
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
, \- Z- W& `  L1 h( Kpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 U! _/ j+ i" I1 K6 h. t+ j
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
; N6 @" M7 H/ ?- e/ U5 Sulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,2 m3 U4 ~: [' i
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between; P6 X" W% j+ t, r: M" k
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult' S' I, g/ V* t4 a4 i" \, T8 b
penile length in clinical studies.9 Z+ y' k& k5 G9 Z! @( S
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is, g/ E% a% a/ x* p
going to experience any of the untoward effects from8 I" ^' s# B4 r
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because; G# |' D: U$ e# @1 [( h+ V7 H/ m
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
9 o1 |$ o' E) X/ F- \: o5 ^Although the bone age was advanced at the time of) o' X/ l0 O8 G" Y+ s
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at# C/ d8 o5 Z- v: c- N
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
( v! d% E6 k# a4 Rheight will not be affected.
8 J5 [7 _0 Q' R# L7 HAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-
6 l, N" @- V* Fability of androgen products in our society may7 g9 [1 b2 d" R# Y5 P
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
- B' \" r9 W1 _7 I5 u& qchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-% x9 D, p1 D) O" s9 Z
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
7 k5 o$ b7 u. V' r! U- h+ \tioning about the use of a testosterone product or) _! Q1 o2 Z$ I* U! b9 X0 `
gel should be asked of the family members during2 w) h  B( F3 b. C
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-+ g2 O. k: n& V; e
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
7 n! I! k  m. E, L, }nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
4 I$ g( R% a& A$ s7 {appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a7 K/ F, X# g; H6 g. S9 U
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may5 d" T$ x( n1 r% M+ d* l0 R
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive: L; B0 X& I( n$ U' s2 X
investigation. The primary care physician should be* r$ _9 s) R3 _( c/ T8 O
aware of this fact, because most of these children
' @" n  F5 r; o" [7 U) ?2 ?! h0 n8 smay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, z# {! g; v, r. s: `Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 ?- K$ W1 u' J" P3 owarning about the virilizing effect on a male or
7 F7 G! _: ]3 w; b7 B4 q6 }$ `female child who might come in contact with some-6 o9 _' w+ D0 ], Q) `; [
one using any of these products.
" B8 W4 v9 _; n$ BReferences5 o$ L5 y% m9 X+ _8 S
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation7 s' |' Z/ Q# \" W/ ^, M# U
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
# t8 b6 k# x" S( Z* ^! c) }Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;9 A1 I  _/ p2 X( O$ {& y6 m
2002: 565-628.7 A$ L$ D0 \+ p
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious8 `# n% ^* W3 I# z" p# ?
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old  o$ _2 [# z) {
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical9 H% S8 x2 V+ \0 Q& b0 @8 D8 n
Exposure to Testosterone' w- m& F- z$ a8 G
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
- o: d9 z4 G5 g9 S8 Gand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
( ]$ y! {- T1 Q) \/ j$ o- F2 D, VClinical Pediatrics5 Y, w: `& e! v+ ]# M" t
Volume 46 Number 6
, ~& L+ h* P+ y" o8 r- eJuly 2007 540-543( T+ s$ o5 t  J5 e
© 2007 Sage Publications
2 t1 I5 `$ s4 s* Y; f: w0 Q10.1177/0009922806296651
( B1 P: C& {( w# Q; _http://clp.sagepub.com* D9 L9 a4 e' K0 R
hosted at* g  j! W% F' ?% _( O
http://online.sagepub.com9 @( w9 X6 E; k3 H* V: M& h2 z' h
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,/ W/ N! f0 D# A. L# S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central/ I7 E1 E/ ~( j! b
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
0 R0 W! u1 b' u8 @& `# e/ U5 \through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
, ~5 R- C. g; ]& }  C  f: Ea higher incidence of organic central nervous system; }! y+ d7 @+ H( X+ }: I
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
$ p! R) d* S4 c2 b% A% mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic% @4 X6 B6 H" `3 K+ g4 {
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
. c7 A6 {3 I* m4 w8 C( zcles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
4 M" O) J$ Y- ?# U- l8 r% l$ Areport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
+ S/ v4 L8 {9 m. L- z% a7 V, qenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-9 ^7 B; V" n; [) b# H' b: |
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due+ G3 x+ {1 }, w; a" q: q
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 K, a0 K2 T0 W- Q5 e* Rthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-
) X, H: {, Z4 @# L0 N  `& dmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this9 A+ t; h. e2 |) K& y
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of
  F* |+ u) r- ?5 }, stestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-4 P9 [, A- a$ T& k5 I1 I- q
bly more common than the rare case report in the4 E2 l) u5 o3 j5 l' l# ~
literature.4
" r4 J8 T& v% ?5 b$ f& ?$ I* QPatient Report
% p9 P' V" z% L( e# Y- ~0 z3 QA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
4 a- Y- D# @" e* i% Z! b$ eendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
4 p, g/ Q1 p8 {' p9 L- w2 ?6 Z$ vof early sexual development. His mother noticed4 L: k7 M; T5 j: A* w; S
light colored pubic hair development when he was
. ~5 K5 |* Y3 x8 p* E9 r  ~$ u7 PFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
1 B' ~3 _0 H3 g/ @' j6 q) JSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama." K; G- p1 C# N$ O) g6 m
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
7 r* k4 b8 _' f7 ^( d" pProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
6 H0 J0 g0 D1 j& YMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;3 p2 W5 h; b$ [
e-mail: [email protected].9 w; l" x8 {9 B1 Q6 D) |6 J
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became3 [3 l$ y  C* X: W$ p8 @) ]
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
) |, A' \) ^2 P7 N5 Q9 ^7 J$ bment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
- d. B. B, C) D* Qwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
2 ^" w. |+ W0 w. ka birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
& @( n( F* r4 |, ~8 |+ u9 g1 W$ |20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year% }7 X; b  i; Q' S2 B2 |
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with; c" d5 c/ q8 X
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,# U  X; m+ P+ v
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development; ^" ]6 P7 m- j7 P* K- i. s( X. {
was age appropriate./ f: `4 P; U6 R! Q" Q
The family history was remarkable for the father,% L) ?) i* X( d) y+ J3 B
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
6 K7 P9 F9 j! v, L, lwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s: ?& q6 E! i! ~0 E4 B
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
# u; O  [& w& eearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
, v; T7 y3 q. ~7 ~( j% `% [1 KThe father denied taking any other medication. The
( i* B2 o6 e! Z0 mchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
* Y- s% P+ Y% c/ L. F" G0 V+ @was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet) ?/ B% u( j$ s" ?9 I0 Y
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-6 |3 C0 x: x. N- o  k
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
" a# X/ u# X) P& J- L7 Mtives. There were no siblings.
7 ~* i& i5 y% w/ b, l) J- VPhysical Examination1 ~/ m$ g- v" a
The physical examination revealed a very active,  k0 X& `: E; g  o8 w4 t
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented- N! S' B* n+ n/ H5 B
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, Y  a6 @' }2 w9 N' J0 {" D
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
/ B! R1 S0 x: G) g% T) R(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
) n/ U, k* L$ o& jvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
# P& X9 U. L5 f$ c/ o& W% c& _the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.. s( W) t, R' [9 q' U: |" y! r
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
; O6 W, V2 l/ B2 I4 e$ penlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 ~, h- a0 O+ k, W( c! \' b8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well" U6 a/ m/ K5 ?* Y  _) D6 C% ^
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
3 w& p! K+ n0 i$ \. @' ]540
) s4 e+ W7 E- p- b+ l4 O% {0 N2 A  X, Uat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from9 [0 H3 [9 b' X+ \& s, A9 A2 M
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The% i3 N9 m5 g# T! ~) c
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
6 U' u6 o4 T' M/ P; g7 pThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
% E* b7 U: F3 j/ _8 Z2 uoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no! @/ \9 w! ^$ `0 P2 b4 j) M8 O: o
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
- ~" j7 k, X4 ?# m6 j3 H1 ^: ^" eNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+8 ?6 |8 O+ d; Q8 M! g9 A0 V
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion& }0 L  v2 J8 T
of papilledema.
$ h1 c2 k& I& _, L4 c+ F5 bLaboratory Evaluation0 m0 C5 O/ d! q% {& ]
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by& I2 U+ d1 f% t
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-. O- x$ B4 m. w' w  ~
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% Q  ~! j( ]" y+ @" Wkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test, }$ G. |, ~) V; ]
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( a) L2 a0 |( n% K6 O5 L
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).3 g1 x& x/ H1 ~  {9 p0 ~! d; r9 U
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
2 q' ^! i4 \* b5 S; H4 kurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were  a# G5 w  \) i* ^. ], B
within normal range for his age. The concentration
) x! g  X2 \0 x8 dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
( R* R9 r! T6 G/ @- ]& u4 o(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20! I9 Q: X+ T2 O
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-/ g! H5 w6 A. K- V% `/ f
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
) }$ s0 ?, Q% Rdesoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" ^4 @3 S# w! B6 g, P
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)1 [& M# \' v! l6 T3 D
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-( J2 }: `7 Y; R2 }: I9 B0 ^
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
9 |, T) X2 f8 {0 h' u6 b8 Q9 ptestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
. N( ?5 A1 I, \and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than+ K- A! Z* c- b; e3 T
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular. l6 t; C" s3 w5 F$ l
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
' O3 s. Z3 o8 i9 \( c' g* _concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL' z# N9 \8 z+ C# Q/ L% Q
(prepubertal).0 N; j% y3 C# n  ^' d7 |
The parents were notified about the laboratory
0 y: z- y# @6 ?! Y! qresults and were informed that all of the tests were: y' z( q9 D4 Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The( h" A  R6 m1 O6 O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
! d4 t. u# I; Robtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
$ d! Y5 z9 E+ c4 eever, the family did not return for 4 months.
1 X( m  q0 V3 kPhysical examination at this time revealed that the
' {+ f; t  b% p) r0 ]1 }8 Schild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
" S) J9 V  J: {. u7 E2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained! d& E. n2 `( K2 b1 R7 W" x
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-
( _5 ~% Q- ~+ Y1 Y2 G( vpletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; X1 P+ q+ x8 ?0 H! |the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2$ P. W: Q+ M" F" i* ~
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
, P* N$ d$ X" S; jThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-" z' u) @: l: D4 p* P
ing frequent erections." a/ T7 Q3 i5 N, a! Y% f4 z! A1 V
Both parents were again questioned about use of
" Y  n1 q+ ~- U+ Q6 {$ B9 Cany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
5 ^. W4 F6 K. j% `, uthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
" n8 g1 l* |/ r4 r' a  V& p" yTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5417 v1 G" K: K8 z$ |9 s) c# K
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-& ^) [% T9 W( d1 r* G; E! \
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* w. D: M0 D) y8 Q: G; B) L4 `) p. Q
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed
. \+ _8 Z, M8 zto disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-" M6 Y6 g/ A- P9 Z* N  u
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido' a& }# }& j3 h& U* w
secondary to depression.
: I$ ]* G/ A- CThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
  Z$ y. H; G5 _3 u2 XThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his  X7 [' @1 ~- `' ]2 S
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-: X' @  b+ e9 f5 `$ u6 F6 X
nificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
, V( t2 t# x$ z8 z5 e, CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,0 B7 [; v9 ]( E" P. T; C
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby2 W4 X  z" ~# s, f( m
was high, he then read the product information
% ]% [4 R  m; q1 h0 C  U2 Mpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
9 ^& ?1 R# `) B( n' N% ?$ Lson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
/ ?3 R6 |# W9 Tdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
0 ~8 ?2 i! ~3 i* S5 R5 W& `father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
" d% w; b  Q% u7 b" C" [" K* Pbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
* X  a) D7 W5 b  P' s% ~  Ytest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
/ s7 \* L8 V2 a, Rlaboratory to obtain the test.+ @1 K* M& R- m8 j
Discussion4 b5 h( S4 y/ i; m+ [; L. q
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ U  d8 `2 q8 `5 k( p$ W( q0 m
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4. }. t. o' |0 Y) A7 `: J: b
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when1 o- ], b* V6 [- [" Q
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-& P/ x8 @8 C1 A& T
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-. e  Q  B7 j3 |" u. ]8 D
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
. a( ^$ N4 p( _# xmay have a central nervous system lesion that is) y: O; |* A! P3 ]
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-! K) y* d3 c, X4 L2 A: e, I/ V; k" W# O
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-& v8 a- _3 ^8 V9 k0 Q9 n4 M
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 Q/ w0 M2 w$ F5 L. b! m, _- cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
' n1 l5 ~& g7 e" i9 Kization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
& E& c/ i# C9 Y. @4 n8 x( drical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by, F8 @* S- Z/ M( |/ S) _% p
gonadotropins.1,32 z+ {3 N3 F% ?1 r( n% g6 S
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
7 {4 r" a" P4 K& P9 `( \) P* J; |* qcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
8 Q3 G. N- P  E$ e7 |androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or* [7 c. v4 n  _6 G! S5 X" M
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
0 M) W% b/ _* h8 N/ L: Iulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing  \: W6 o  D0 ?. {& d5 z' A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
2 D8 U6 R; o  ?7 V8 I9 madrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 N& J& H5 x* @/ v7 |puberty in boys.3,40 D0 e. z1 x/ n, `9 r/ Z/ S+ f
The most common form of congenital adrenal- Z; x  k  O, t: ]7 Y; i
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 B4 U. B3 |' ^6 ^- P6 o8 O; DThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
. v7 c3 m7 z/ b9 S; t9 |excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,# Y  z, c1 ^+ |9 \) W) G
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen7 U* d: W5 A( B3 `
excess.1,3  T$ H' ^' c; V8 w7 k" I
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
6 V; N; W2 l1 k, z3 E" P/ }542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
5 D5 v5 h$ N, `# UA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-4 X$ e9 F2 ?- T) a6 j) v
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
$ e# f1 t' O6 m/ Las testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
- s4 g; _% `) X- \4 j8 zvery young age. The physical findings in these boys, g2 I# u! M+ S7 m. i  f; r
with this disorder are full pubertal development,9 t' C) C( D8 f9 `5 D" `7 B* p# Z
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys9 w, V4 E1 [4 F/ q. ^& w6 C4 I* X
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder' B8 F" ^8 y4 \" b! j
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% P. {! S; A  ?% y# ypubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
# g- q: q0 e6 O! K( `releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked) o7 S! F0 n* R$ E
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only, g' Z: v2 B! `
males; therefore, other male members of the family
( \. J4 z5 O& L$ n" Umay have similar precocious puberty.3$ Q" B8 B. w, b9 U; s
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
4 U- S' z  l% C" g& B5 xsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
) I1 U- e% Z. kcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis0 M; a# _' d3 `$ s
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
0 K0 K" Y2 B4 v; o1 D, w8 T/ Sstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
# ?- J* R/ n" H% b2 o0 Ztesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 r) k& @& J4 g4 `6 W: e: Ibeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-& L. ?9 G6 t, G+ V, Z5 _5 K3 d! K
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
2 V3 M& W; ]& I  nbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) _: c4 J( X& U; x  g- leither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase1 V7 D0 Q4 D" D/ @
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
! ?8 [$ f- v3 W# r4 Hing the normal level of adrenal steroids., |, U1 {. }% V% Y  I* k+ a( f
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly  d0 A% O  z0 U* d* c1 v% x( O
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
1 R$ _8 r2 H/ j5 K; N$ x, Pthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
( a" Z& X8 L! tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and2 y0 b2 q7 T& E4 K/ m, n/ m3 l
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
6 q. M. H' S- [/ V0 y0 |terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
. ~' W# ?, e. `8 w% ?3 ^( n& ~using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’$ f* `# P1 T% }$ \; V
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or% x+ u+ ]% H3 z- r: Q
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to
5 J+ G: k) s" A' V1 runprotected females through direct skin exposure.! W, ^) X5 Y0 D( N( E& X8 s
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
! j; m7 Z. l0 i6 K' ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to
# n; r+ E2 Q/ Geven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
7 s7 K3 l3 [2 lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
5 q- x. e' |! Y; Rtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
1 _  \# H* m4 h: F3 ^# YOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
1 _8 d7 {4 j& g; i1 Hwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that* l2 h! p$ S9 ~. U2 M
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
& x- H" R$ E9 c1 Aterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
5 m7 N) ]4 m- p; e2 j  s  eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
' H+ l* T7 l& P* N; J' _exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
! n0 o6 g6 k2 w3 h# tdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
- o& g1 ?! W0 F5 N; Vvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in! d: v6 ]% v% E6 g
children results in an increase in growth velocity and8 k9 |( O5 s1 B* ?
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
* s2 [( v9 X1 x4 v& q7 eThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during' M, n. a8 A, C, ~1 E2 J
early childhood on pubertal development and final
! H. q& R! W/ q* uadult height are not fully known and always remain
/ s% Y) p3 j( ?0 ~, p: q2 C9 Ba concern. Children treated with short-term testos-, j  y; Z$ {$ |3 ^) R& b
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
4 O' B, ?4 R: K4 Q; ~6 F9 nacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after/ i. `; F0 x8 h
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
2 Q/ g- G- F  O9 u. ~$ G; j7 C$ b6 Tdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
; X7 n9 @3 `" C# d6 I5 VThere are conflicting reports and controversy
' w* A9 X9 Y( H+ T, U5 Tover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult- j8 [4 i, p# [2 Z8 f
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
% r: a' E% L2 [  U; n& C$ xadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
9 F* c" w* O2 bulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
3 T+ ?7 |$ f% Y$ K: O, f$ c' DSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between7 A" C5 a3 C3 z1 L
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult! C$ L+ X" d2 R5 F1 T& A; X2 Y
penile length in clinical studies.- G; c! F: [  r9 o
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
# h0 p! q- i/ f, f& ~& rgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from9 N/ ^5 Z; U6 r2 S* O
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
$ O- C' W1 w" B) x' d, tthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
! Q. y, z- H# }  LAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of' v$ u5 t: `& o' p, Q" X& s  Z9 T" W
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at% ]# l$ S: k5 M4 p% h
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult- s2 z& w1 q" l) R
height will not be affected.
8 ]3 ~- [8 a4 ]# hAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-/ I8 x4 E. J2 |% |, Q1 O/ V' W' x
ability of androgen products in our society may2 n: p- R1 \* J* }; W: |" C8 W0 T
indeed cause more virilization in male or female8 U& w2 Z3 w& t! M& d5 n# V
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-
8 n& D% l* j% m) Egen products must be considered and specific ques-7 T) R. w$ X! f
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
, b. ^+ r  H) A8 d( V, m3 vgel should be asked of the family members during
7 a4 T. m- M( z0 p3 fthe evaluation of any children who present with vir-) {) v$ R0 |9 I) E% U$ a
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
" z0 K6 L0 Z1 x% fnosis can be established by just a few tests and by# H1 i0 A- `& e) [6 E
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
9 _  l( w% g( t8 \8 qhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
# ~% [/ ]" L% L, ^& g% Y1 }; wresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive0 a/ [& J# r1 j& A  C7 g$ a2 w' V
investigation. The primary care physician should be' U8 ^. u# {6 e7 t( I
aware of this fact, because most of these children$ S& @+ J& x# d9 c+ S# s
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
& X* T- B& M) [/ S3 L' lDesk Reference and package insert should also put a
2 C2 ]! c; ]5 `- `warning about the virilizing effect on a male or5 i& W8 ]  J" ^4 z' Q9 B
female child who might come in contact with some-* H) u9 l6 ?% t2 h' C
one using any of these products.
# B+ \$ E/ p; |3 w8 LReferences
3 E" |% |; ?$ n5 Y" ?* Y; z1 v  x1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation+ X4 E' W3 ~$ D
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric" D. L3 p+ z& l( j5 {
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;* M5 u- X6 d' @& c- Z
2002: 565-628.
; w$ ~" Z% g8 |0 U. |4 V9 h2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious) w+ A' v- G( W+ S- ?/ k4 m
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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這個我收藏了!謝謝分享!WK的資源越來越豐富,這少不了大大的辛勞!
發表於 2025-1-10 10:43:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層

" D/ P7 _% ]% \4 O; Y% X; ~( q6 _精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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