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鄉下的妹子太便宜,一次四個都要了[12P]

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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
9 ~' T- {9 X& T6 V1 G9 o6 wBoy Induced by Indirect Topical7 r' M$ S4 X) N7 s# D4 \5 h
Exposure to Testosterone! G' ]9 L2 _6 h
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
' ]7 Q' W7 ?: X1 I/ [+ `and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
1 U! u! j+ ?: b$ O" l' a0 QClinical Pediatrics8 J3 C+ b8 a6 U) H, F- G& Y" d6 K" \
Volume 46 Number 6
% |, D5 Y3 _7 q  y$ ]6 mJuly 2007 540-5436 z8 Z( Q9 d1 M0 X3 c% A4 J
© 2007 Sage Publications5 Z/ `9 e0 M- w( H' L2 _, H
10.1177/0009922806296651
! y, u3 W0 g2 j1 g6 xhttp://clp.sagepub.com
1 z% z! A( y6 g+ |hosted at
" T% C! Z8 x" c4 Ohttp://online.sagepub.com0 x0 T$ r! z- X9 Y2 j3 u
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral," a) w' H4 B# w) a; j& d7 I* F9 S
is a significant concern for physicians. Central! J6 H! K% @$ t3 }' w- k) E) }% Z
precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, y1 S2 C6 H7 H& e" Q: ^: ythrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has( f8 x* ]8 q" X5 {/ P  r
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
* x; J. l! C2 p' }, i% v6 qlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
; `, C# [2 R' d- Cby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" ?- d$ l1 X) g2 `  Chair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
2 z. f# u+ Q* u3 @cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
% e5 ~( g4 d  Z% T* X! mreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
# P4 ^5 Q: x. }. H* P) W8 Penlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-- Q" ~, q( a% A  C4 @* [" i* [- }
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
9 |1 |: [2 y) Rto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by# r% T+ k! F- N7 H, c$ Y
the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
9 X( y$ g1 ?& }4 `4 _* u5 imation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
& A, R, T; P- q7 {child. Given the widespread and easy availability of7 j5 x! h) F/ c8 {! o  W$ u
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-
- t" M; ?) D0 f% Ebly more common than the rare case report in the, a1 |6 u' w2 h) S9 Y
literature.4
' M; Q. r5 t& _" a3 }/ ?% ?Patient Report
- D  a( j) T9 z$ N5 B& f; |; CA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
* `0 M1 ~  v6 b" A5 {endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
  \0 B7 A7 x9 c3 o& v, g8 bof early sexual development. His mother noticed/ K: A/ n# l8 d/ ?: i. g
light colored pubic hair development when he was
' s3 S, d, W5 N3 ~' i( z9 mFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
* q$ |% U/ o  y+ tSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
% u! h; _- K+ [& I" N2 @Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,  X% K0 [( S& c/ M+ N( e
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! s$ L* Z2 x0 f# V9 @% f. MMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;: ]) k- }9 _7 w3 ?, n5 t; ~
e-mail: [email protected].( ?2 O* J( }' U
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
4 {) z: N: i# N* ~) ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
, ?& U6 x( C) J3 Mment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
( ~( i% Z8 {7 K! R: [" |' ]was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
  b. u' F& X- e, {: J  ]; pa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of2 N1 ?: [; }- d' k
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year) L# N3 y5 Y1 i: ^3 u
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
" C% h; V* e/ j- u0 Asolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery," j) `: E1 U5 M, Y  g
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
7 `% @9 M' _7 ?: G& b) Wwas age appropriate.
/ _& f1 j* P- c. T! D7 X3 JThe family history was remarkable for the father,# j4 ], j# x1 H5 `3 E
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,( n2 _, X* q6 t) H5 H  K- ^
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
$ _: Q3 h( W4 lheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
: q" d) `2 i. B% A4 rearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
; q( v) J, F9 K% o3 uThe father denied taking any other medication. The
) ?7 z6 K4 j  w% H( g' uchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
: E7 K+ R5 L, z- X: u; p! Gwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet  N2 E/ K1 _% f5 s3 B( V! `# s6 w$ m
5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
6 {6 m, }+ }2 d6 F. u4 dcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
1 ?" u& o$ T: i" E& X* u& Utives. There were no siblings.
8 M8 q$ [2 H* V; u: z  W- dPhysical Examination
" @) b% p$ j, w7 wThe physical examination revealed a very active,
" ]9 O9 K) I' w6 F  a1 J. Zplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
) N" ?3 z% n" k: A) Y6 Sa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was! r; p4 I; |( I' p" L
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
$ X! d0 z. {! ^% ~! M) l) S# M(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth; Q0 b# r4 Q) l, Z$ u
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of+ b; b5 o# I  w" T$ i
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
( V' S% R& N8 g( b, N5 A7 E! J0 Z4 rThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for& k. I5 E  u/ Z4 m3 e. q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of& |; g$ ~/ |4 j
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
! `0 t5 P" H5 G& ldeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around8 M" b2 d$ {  V2 C
540
: |5 P& D; f  q" I! P: B. Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
" V; a  ?) `( d! Qthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The7 F" w4 M6 l' l
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each." a0 J4 K( M: h4 s2 a9 c. Z  J
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat1 y5 Y2 X" p, T
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no; S6 l# E$ ~% ~- B2 t* D" B* P
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
$ f# a- [# U$ r1 w9 w7 FNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+  ^) v- I! x& R
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion; I# l3 ~/ D- Z( x9 v
of papilledema.8 D5 n& E0 D4 p! X+ n& m3 W4 x
Laboratory Evaluation
- t( ?4 E0 ]+ }) {( g6 d) iThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by$ D6 t$ A4 e7 A: @$ m5 l, _
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
/ m% F! x5 `0 o/ G9 D7 N6 e" Jlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
" o' g. z' R, K" o4 n% Gkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test7 e0 V$ L$ u4 l; n7 J
showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-4 o, q5 T, w( ]" z. u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
. e: ~' G% \# ~4 d/ N+ ?* x3 oThe concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
6 o; q$ _# O5 g, M+ U3 _& K2 X! vurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
# V7 c) P6 o3 m- _within normal range for his age. The concentration
" x! ~/ H2 A: mof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL" T- U1 R. h7 g* ]& I" \' k
(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
' I+ {0 Y" h/ V$ C9 ang/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
- a: J# V1 Y+ A, J1 ~9 o- [  @" \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 o0 A) P% M" z* F0 }
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to; P' d* Z( R( N$ Z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
; R; m% o( I& ~0 M3 pwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-, @' K  J. U& x/ y" I
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total# q- u3 Q& W: s/ [
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
( `6 K: u! D' `  ]+ Qand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
5 ]1 Y9 D; r" z6 ?3 ]5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular6 F1 w0 Z& W( b0 z3 }! G
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" d, ]/ W0 \  K
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
/ M0 Z+ V$ B* k! V* q" W(prepubertal).
- J1 u( j% ~2 S* A1 eThe parents were notified about the laboratory
# J4 d/ f" y8 \# Z! I$ z8 Q4 tresults and were informed that all of the tests were
/ ^, Z: \; Z- }normal except the testosterone level was high. The% c! `( z- p0 K0 L
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
5 e) I$ ]1 Q+ c9 O8 F6 \. gobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
7 D6 M% c5 u1 o" u9 g3 b& M$ Eever, the family did not return for 4 months.
4 ?, A) N/ [7 d! G/ h& m+ I; a, w, aPhysical examination at this time revealed that the; @. S- P. `: o
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
5 e) S. M  ]" k5 k8 T2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained8 z+ k, U4 n+ z7 ~+ z
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-9 g! G+ }/ H$ ?( F6 j: V) l
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
; Y; b( e# k, i$ J8 Pthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2: C, K) b1 h& m
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.$ w2 p) r, c$ {$ q' S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
6 U0 g! t  R7 h1 }% Z; Wing frequent erections.* G; R' v5 a! c$ x6 G
Both parents were again questioned about use of. X% R0 P' W/ n7 m& ?3 \5 F
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
4 E' t, w6 x& s7 _! N3 a6 N, K# s# ]& J1 ethe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 R9 n7 ?; c1 q) Y5 }- p" K+ N
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541. r: F# z& S; d2 a$ }' P( @" e
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
) k" c% S8 I1 R; |1 Q, L' A1 eing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for$ B7 X9 e+ O' B: S/ O
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed4 D0 N: k* {5 a6 V5 ]. C) X
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-, I7 j  [3 a+ E3 `
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
0 D+ H# ?- ~5 ?4 `9 Bsecondary to depression.
7 g4 F9 s6 o: j) GThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
3 Y- O! t% B' J+ x$ sThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
1 J7 z' w! X2 nchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
8 ~0 h' w$ f+ |$ s2 pnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
  S. X2 q8 Y* [, f) y; N. d5 CThe father also admitted that after the phone call,+ e8 J4 e' c1 l
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby' \* e& n$ f" v! ^8 }+ ?
was high, he then read the product information% c6 _. d' ^/ D* k4 |! R* W
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-, ^2 c8 v" ?: A* d6 \
son for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
5 A9 b5 Q" |1 M' |" f  mdecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the3 }- r/ a/ d+ W0 H
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
) q; @; k  [  \! E$ n2 C, [been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& s  H  R* Q1 ]4 P3 `6 g. otest was ordered, but the family did not go to the
0 ~5 `4 a6 w3 n' u4 C: U* m# ~laboratory to obtain the test.4 l# {. l* R4 D" Z5 Z! H  {
Discussion) n( t- x3 s; U# s- |
Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary( ^0 T) i3 M. G0 O/ n7 U( D) Z
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,46 z3 S0 ?* M) a" g) W
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when5 B8 d6 E. [' N. w; n5 r$ O$ B' E; n
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-( Q6 X- y4 k! V+ i1 ]
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
) `4 l, X/ i' u$ ]2 x9 d; O7 f3 D( n7 u8 Nmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) u4 F3 ?* G( a2 T8 L2 P, }1 I- V; H$ \may have a central nervous system lesion that is
+ z7 ~+ f; ?3 P& F( Nresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
6 C9 ~, |8 C) J  V& v$ G1 Mamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
6 s& w6 X, J0 w% Rsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
: j) u$ c" x) [6 K9 \5 Zboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, Q! @  o) v! t  D" J  x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
' z- \! U! n9 h4 trical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by3 D# n! U# H9 g- S
gonadotropins.1,3
7 I& n+ B" G: b7 o0 DGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-/ O) X7 c( N/ p7 d7 N
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate4 V; x: R: K7 U% |9 V+ B$ v: ^7 S
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or& |) V7 t# S' x+ A
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-& D5 t: V. e. p4 T" V& V9 ^, s
ulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing& Q/ [) n5 k3 G
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
' e* Z; G3 a4 o" b, e/ t% `adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
  a" a; S- [& P$ V1 h- {, rpuberty in boys.3,4
. b0 @& U0 F0 u* N' W6 Y' bThe most common form of congenital adrenal
  A( J3 J2 x* o! w; f- }+ Ohyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.4 y& A. Q& D7 b# H  N
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
3 [# \, D9 z" D$ pexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,* Z, i4 }' w3 v0 A5 \
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
8 Q* S) Q# F7 lexcess.1,3
* i: o" B& P1 q, d( a8 Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from+ I9 q& Q1 n7 H0 T
542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007
( Y! j9 ]9 L; FA unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-5 i* U, R* w) i) f3 S8 s5 S/ H" j
independent precocious puberty, which is also known2 v  v1 Y" w0 j: M, p; i
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a- I3 K" a' h0 |$ O; m7 J! u
very young age. The physical findings in these boys7 c& \9 D" i+ @& ^, u$ `) u6 \2 Z
with this disorder are full pubertal development,
4 y# i8 d% k; p0 Yincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
* Z( ^5 {2 d# T4 Pwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder2 r' _5 [+ X/ x& y5 F4 b
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
! _( D4 q- S( P8 Bpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-/ B0 |  [& K3 B4 W9 s$ h' b0 i! x
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
! ~& U/ s8 m) x+ cautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- p) T* X: _- W; N( V- Wmales; therefore, other male members of the family
5 N  A0 L( T8 a7 T+ dmay have similar precocious puberty.3
' R8 K8 L: g# p$ EIn our patient, physical examination was incon-5 Z& ]- z6 i4 a8 J
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
1 X/ X# d8 `% Q7 c6 S' i; fcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis
% B  R- u) c& [' {2 F4 Q! B2 a0 kwas in the differential diagnosis because his father
4 V' N3 C0 G; i3 u4 e& Rstarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
& N7 L% s6 O" a* ?testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
' V3 u3 p7 X5 E* Gbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-5 z7 o" ^+ [7 P7 y5 A+ X
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our  O: G; s7 i' Q. D! P
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,' E3 N5 E) u5 T0 n) j( e7 Z8 v3 C! S
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
. }5 ?9 j5 V! U3 r' }! bdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
, c5 F0 _' [0 m, c' R1 y: Ning the normal level of adrenal steroids.* D& V! X+ Z" D% v: X
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
9 D/ T4 ?" z+ E* ?& Isuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because: C. F4 ~3 n! d9 C! @
the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
3 q0 O1 o) `8 B* f8 ~" Q6 J0 z# j3 s% Tpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and
8 z4 L0 E* Q9 _decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
4 {, R  o; K9 Yterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was
" T  X5 J1 @4 Z4 T" [using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
( v. U" ]# m5 B/ h) ^2 C- F9 \# fDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or* v2 ^1 U3 Y3 ~
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to; ~$ k$ x, e7 D: c! ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.- z; u7 g" S2 h' D% Q  Q0 y
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
& b" S7 ?; S$ Fbaseline value in those females who were exposed to
1 |; S& C; P2 B3 t( P7 Beven 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male4 P  N% S. J$ A
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
1 w2 h* x: D% o' Etion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.; r7 w5 z/ H- p% S1 D
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
) X/ M4 x  R1 {" |which was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
3 f( w& X4 d! @$ R2 gdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
8 A7 y- {5 J4 j1 ^: gterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
( S& ~8 l. Z' ]1 Eactive in young children exposed to testosterone
2 e4 r5 S3 c: }exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-/ A9 v) z4 q! r- c; V+ T
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
8 `3 H  d9 T6 {5 ~/ ?* ^virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
% C1 S" |0 Z# `, r0 mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
* H$ f' U( R; N3 z1 D1 P. hadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.$ u& ]) w9 {* v; [
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
0 U5 r5 K- v  `/ E+ @+ Yearly childhood on pubertal development and final
5 T- o& C8 v. w' t( Ladult height are not fully known and always remain. d8 w* ?6 S5 x0 j: j& J
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' x+ p$ a2 [3 ^) I+ s
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some
- O6 b0 B2 x3 W% eacceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after, C4 G4 r& F# C  w
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 p' H" f7 j% A# a3 c
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
2 A, t0 l" w4 d* O2 n3 S8 a. M: O+ iThere are conflicting reports and controversy" J6 o* g8 Q* A
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult( z1 n' ?# W; B
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal3 i" [- _' i0 ~6 Q, h
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-  U: ]. L3 f3 z, O% ~
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( C$ f$ Y# S! w# KSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between, [, U+ [- H7 c: A) k' T4 |: z
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
( r- o8 e4 R) E# Openile length in clinical studies.
/ Z) i1 P% W4 t( [Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is9 E, l9 \/ R. l1 p9 a% c) t$ d
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
/ f, L% [1 `+ F7 f9 u. Gtestosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because# w0 i7 ^* T* L( V9 i
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
- y& |" g; c& W! x( T* I5 BAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of
! a% V2 j* p, R+ ]' S! ^diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at+ L! B+ @2 U; d* j
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
* L5 s' D' R" [; qheight will not be affected.
) X, Y5 B+ a1 ~) `Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-8 v( ~1 ^: n" e0 F7 l0 h  a) I& Q
ability of androgen products in our society may! P' h/ j2 C$ b( x  w3 L
indeed cause more virilization in male or female# y* R$ k6 E  ~% O' M, E2 A. o
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-4 ]5 p+ H+ o- }& W, D! t, x$ Y
gen products must be considered and specific ques-
- v# l) E+ g  s, p+ Mtioning about the use of a testosterone product or
  `! e% W* A" b) s+ g7 igel should be asked of the family members during
/ ~' \3 K4 x# P) ]& N1 @the evaluation of any children who present with vir-7 {4 U: q) o6 ^& J) J4 H9 V( @( L
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-2 O4 m0 h7 R& h; J9 b, T
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
. a/ x8 ^" O2 U- ~appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
+ {1 b( ^" D. B/ d3 W5 x$ B' ~) Xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may/ ?- j8 f: B) k5 i6 _+ {6 i  V: k
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
" h$ u& q* f7 I! Minvestigation. The primary care physician should be$ I4 l( t* J& j8 {4 V; J7 G: E' V
aware of this fact, because most of these children; J4 [# e1 t' U9 {0 [+ r
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’+ B2 z) P# U) w6 `# g9 e8 G' o
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a
' w  \3 N. [+ W! S1 h7 rwarning about the virilizing effect on a male or2 h& A( z- ?- f8 j7 @, Q6 v
female child who might come in contact with some-
2 Q1 B: f- i0 _7 u  Hone using any of these products.
% L9 e5 v. |2 @References
0 U+ x- A) Y( O! V, y1 N1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation4 {8 @& j9 w" M
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
, x6 \: Q0 o( b- cEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
9 W; h% N, ~% d9 y4 ^2002: 565-628.
- U! u, m' S( ]2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
% H) l* y0 m2 }  F1 K( k* ipuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
2 |% h, D+ H$ o- N) O" E* E/ zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical
4 R& f5 O; L$ a+ G5 v% H/ gExposure to Testosterone
9 [' c; q' K0 sSamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2- |2 n7 R6 H# Q! e
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1
# C$ c/ V. _* A/ O" M' J, lClinical Pediatrics
% q1 N: Q: A/ E" C1 Y) A( ?. _Volume 46 Number 62 [: R1 U; G6 O
July 2007 540-543" U& F8 b! x' p6 D7 D, I4 |
© 2007 Sage Publications
3 T" w& I+ p' _1 G# k/ E, j10.1177/0009922806296651
# w  s: R* _" `4 }6 n8 J5 \) Dhttp://clp.sagepub.com5 \% X/ O9 }' F4 j3 `9 |( `& S9 d
hosted at! {/ L3 F: Q, E) S" k
http://online.sagepub.com7 W. t; G1 Z4 e: q* Z% y
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,0 ^1 X4 L! M' P% N6 b
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
, l- V1 S) e. }5 `- kprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated; Q! x% m) U/ V! o6 t
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has
; j% V/ Q. O! t- M" q4 e8 B$ Na higher incidence of organic central nervous system
& g: _4 X% D1 u4 v: Z$ Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
9 k6 m3 _; ^* [- J8 K3 ]by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
" ^+ v/ p1 P+ a3 u8 Qhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-
) ?( ]$ d0 |3 `5 T. v0 Y4 E0 N8 Ycles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
. H5 Y( l3 V% v' x/ i2 @report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; F4 `1 F0 ~, \- M, ^; genlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
2 z/ ~" t$ u) u3 m( ?* u- N. G9 Iment without testicular enlargement, which was due9 ^+ W' ]# g9 Q. a
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
& g. ?' a! v8 t- a  m( y( Wthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-' Z+ t" w+ b0 H: d# r8 o- B( w
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
4 l4 m# K& z5 ychild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
2 T; ?5 @) [  P6 X4 H+ h/ a( h6 Mtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-# ~$ Q/ d2 |) t; A
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: q1 |5 g8 o$ I1 fliterature.4
4 b  {% v7 f) Y* q9 U8 r, LPatient Report! K8 i1 P" d9 ]. f# q/ A
A 16-month-old white child was referred to the
! K$ m9 z( C5 G7 r2 ^, P0 cendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern1 d0 v' Q- c% N
of early sexual development. His mother noticed+ |, P$ {" n: y3 E
light colored pubic hair development when he was- L& n3 G9 O3 J3 y0 Z3 e
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of9 @  f: `5 L/ [; R
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.1 E$ V" a+ D9 m' m1 E4 x; A
Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,5 S3 ~' P8 h6 r, K( T
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
7 C% d/ a" J; q/ N: Y1 u* n1 L4 G4 }Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
; G: }3 K8 V* _  k1 U! me-mail: [email protected]., _' V6 T1 ]0 k) A% z2 D1 }8 ^/ t, n
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
1 z7 }0 J- t2 k; q1 n' Ddarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-, k4 r+ ^+ a+ d1 f! p; N: \
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child8 C' F7 s' D" O6 [
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with# F+ d3 t: }( k! H0 |
a birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
- ~; z) S  v0 b- |. m! n3 T, B20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
  j/ Z- C; ~+ Aof life and was still receiving breast milk along with: F2 o2 Q! M' o' I  q& a
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
6 D. m& T) m% ?8 Xand his psychosocial and psychomotor development' V0 N, N7 h& h" F; N5 w$ Z
was age appropriate.- _; g! J7 i% l5 }
The family history was remarkable for the father,! A; A. m* T$ x9 }
who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,+ {* e. r, c+ ^3 @3 {; f, g: C' O. ]
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
% v1 W" A% I" F0 o0 \height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
- H8 [1 x( z( O4 S8 m* Jearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
- `) C+ K& i* c0 V$ Q; sThe father denied taking any other medication. The3 L( e, K8 d4 \  u
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche; o3 D5 M5 X$ |, `- _5 D
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& z3 n) f% w' E5 c4 g5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
# ~. C- }8 k7 A7 D5 M# U6 Xcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-9 r, V8 _. I( D# A7 n/ H
tives. There were no siblings." G# X" H' l8 g# ]& z( x$ P
Physical Examination
& U% u  h$ z, M- l% GThe physical examination revealed a very active,0 Y$ j$ E1 ^9 j* E: m
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented3 G" l' M; J, l/ D
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
! z' e. a7 `/ k( N  l90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg2 h- P# f7 F8 ]1 }4 x9 K1 l
(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
1 p' i/ p' O' l5 G1 _$ u0 P, kvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of( A& K' n% a4 Y
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
* d% \; a! ^- }/ ]" W( c: Y, W4 WThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for( n  o' U3 @1 {; v+ X1 V. y
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 p# p( i, N( a1 J- p8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well
3 r/ A" @" Q, p* ~% u) ?, S# fdeveloped. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
% F3 O5 Q, W6 ^' Z, ~) x: ]9 f540/ d' N" p2 a& b3 ?8 O
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from1 T* h: B. f. K* h
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The5 R, S* i/ l, ~9 S6 a% V( B
testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each., P6 u+ X! y- V( r4 ]7 T
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
* r0 U) z" P# v: V* C0 @2 Eoily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
! E' M$ c5 @, e/ [abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.- H5 N% w( }) Q7 R
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+5 D3 g1 Y$ c2 E9 P  v4 H
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
$ d, O& b  d/ c! h3 ?' [of papilledema.) u& h$ K9 B' H6 }
Laboratory Evaluation
' t2 s. }, C" u3 G6 jThe bone age was consistent with 28 months by0 b0 T1 H; {) w# T6 w& `
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
6 v6 \6 N' c, P& k2 D9 p! slogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal) j$ X9 n! N# ~1 R" l' f* E0 @& m, ^
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
5 X' V& m+ d1 j: p3 @' z" }: ~showed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-0 h" a( i( u" p
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).) s' b& S7 X- x3 y- h
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
. \( o5 C  r. M& Rurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
5 s. e5 P$ v3 G8 n% X7 F5 }! Kwithin normal range for his age. The concentration2 O3 z7 Q. `; i
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
7 A. W: O8 f" W% _2 ]. |1 f(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20; [- v4 u. g) v! n1 f, e
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-9 P+ j& V% H1 A
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),  H6 T6 Y0 _4 q( f
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to# X+ r- o/ }! ?
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
8 t4 o7 c" o4 G2 K# Z4 Z% twas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-" t" A9 E4 O# L  X8 j# U" w
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
# U- Q5 }' p# y2 \5 k2 N. ktestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),: w$ L! @% J3 M
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than
# x, E6 M! j" q2 |1 W2 t5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
, A5 o; z1 z7 J* F2 Y: Astimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
6 m" F0 H# q) n4 vconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
& }3 O5 n4 M% ~3 P; R(prepubertal).7 A6 r' F9 C2 U* M# z- U  v
The parents were notified about the laboratory
/ e4 K  Z  n# |2 Aresults and were informed that all of the tests were1 W( I# S" Y8 C  R
normal except the testosterone level was high. The" Z" O! o" U5 X1 \0 O
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
0 K8 P+ J0 w! M) _7 c; F1 Jobtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
# D5 m' V& O) m4 f% C" rever, the family did not return for 4 months.  t! ]9 }! p9 t% I; b% J- E
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
. V2 N! |( q) H2 d6 Mchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained1 D7 F8 B- D+ D  W
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
- Z  |7 Y& q$ @& G/ e1 Uunchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-2 a8 |. Z% C" O3 v
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at( o; z. E9 R  V2 g% t, r& {
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2- q1 g! ^7 w/ {' a8 e& j/ Z& U
mL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.. h) i9 A) ^$ w9 _; J1 i
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
1 U2 o( I& H5 f+ z! p9 c: Fing frequent erections." c9 f3 b, ~6 }% E% }& B
Both parents were again questioned about use of
1 c3 @: F  y) Oany ointment/creams that they may have applied to& u. Y& R. _) Z) [
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the, V! P" v4 a) X0 a2 o, G
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5413 p6 a& Z9 b0 R( D% \& r3 L" T
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
$ m, V* d5 C+ Ging over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for3 z, R+ S7 |7 J1 E8 _
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed: B6 e4 {, G7 s- @" u
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-) f6 G& D; D, k! T# i
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido, Q1 Q" T# B  N' |/ c/ \5 ~
secondary to depression.
# }0 d/ `4 d# iThe child slept in the same bed with parents.) y6 f! B- y& h: ^/ _# \; x
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
) J0 ^8 L4 o- r; X% |chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
* P  y* @8 S6 Jnificant bare skin contact between baby and father.2 l$ D3 d5 |5 l- a
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
7 O9 R$ M1 F5 zwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby0 R1 x) X, w! l. t4 u
was high, he then read the product information# s9 a, |  T- X- G
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
" b( o$ E% F. \, Sson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they1 T9 o% [: Y+ \, y. a
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
+ j) S+ T) `+ R  V7 ffather was not hugging him with bare skin and had% P5 A8 T8 c" J" q7 X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone! H1 E4 g+ K5 `4 J
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the; x7 M+ Q# b( g) l) @8 k# f$ `
laboratory to obtain the test.
, i2 {+ r) k$ K8 W  l! sDiscussion
& @* W7 e6 {/ J, F# B- zPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ t2 t8 f! @& T% m& _, d, i
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4* ?8 g' b9 d# L
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when' X& J) l/ |: p5 `& b
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-" L' x( |- Z8 R
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
9 o: z6 P( k" [1 n5 ]" mmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
) K' m# Q- r/ F+ }' |may have a central nervous system lesion that is
0 H/ }! c( M) D6 Q$ Rresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
  P" v" y3 [/ e. J: U* e. H- Iamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
( @4 _" w; R* |$ U: asis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
/ r5 l- H2 h+ k2 @2 q. C7 x# k3 Cboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-, f/ z# M1 F. P! @6 g! B7 P0 _5 n
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-- p. @' Q. D9 L) L% n
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by& a6 o3 C+ I+ {7 u; p
gonadotropins.1,3
7 x: D8 c1 {" X' R) Q4 pGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-; k' v' Y& j" D; J" m0 Y
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate
" E$ o' \! K1 G( W. wandrogenic stimulation from either endogenous or
" z. z) g1 `9 N3 f- fexogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
+ p9 B# c" d2 C& o& pulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
& _" v7 `- G: U* N4 `" }: ^congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
4 s1 I9 ]8 n, ?. y$ V; c* ~adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious. e& O3 k9 [/ q
puberty in boys.3,4
# R% J; X6 _/ X3 d5 K5 _The most common form of congenital adrenal
' t* ~  p# ]2 t( ]/ Ahyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency., x& ?% g7 |" p5 L1 ^2 o2 K  P* C8 i8 u
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in. b- m3 O+ K- X5 N' m8 i
excessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" T0 }; K* }1 ban adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
3 {2 v) j0 \8 d' R5 [5 z. rexcess.1,3
+ [4 x6 a) D; u- T/ q% D) Bat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
! \$ [/ K2 F& Y. N% a7 o# \542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007* [9 Z9 b0 q  v9 v
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-4 Q/ W2 A2 Q; A3 _, }( u
independent precocious puberty, which is also known
0 i& u: O& F: N8 Mas testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
* [& @: w$ q' L$ r# g; j1 Fvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
* D  X0 E( S- p" ^2 V5 xwith this disorder are full pubertal development,$ P6 F) b/ a! \# ?- c
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys: c; [; O/ I5 Y4 s1 p3 v* C
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
# j; S. m) N  P* @- E5 m. Tare suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
  h! v: N4 O1 e  ^  Dpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-$ ~$ g* l. Z! m+ ~4 L+ Y* j
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
; S9 D) F+ Y# x( {autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
, ~: p, E4 `) P& n! q5 F2 bmales; therefore, other male members of the family9 {/ C9 c1 R$ Z- c  m6 V
may have similar precocious puberty.3
2 D2 [* U5 n( w% J4 k6 AIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
& [& W4 i4 b7 Y( W9 zsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-, i1 o' g& l4 D! t3 z# x
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis  j/ B) V1 S( W$ i7 F$ N0 D0 f
was in the differential diagnosis because his father$ Q( f1 F- S% X+ D% [
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,0 f+ T8 j! Z3 r# s
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
( v0 }' A* I! E  K% f  H, m( [6 Wbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-, |, r; d; v* c2 ~- N' ]
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
1 c6 N9 r* I9 E, W; L* C: K2 q- ubiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
) y: `3 o$ z. d8 T: keither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
) u+ l3 v+ M8 y8 v2 A( k3 `deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
9 R: \1 o2 U: M2 L  g* Hing the normal level of adrenal steroids.- D) _/ r* `3 Z  p2 e. ]; P
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
- [& K4 z6 V$ S1 _+ ^: `4 vsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
. P7 j$ n/ @. H8 Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
9 H" p* o) c' |" c8 {( k8 hpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and+ N0 n0 }' T+ q, v
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
0 z1 c* ^4 t" J3 E0 {terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was; g) j* G) k6 R, c, g
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
# ]4 e& M+ P4 {! ~8 h1 b! zDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or3 r. Q4 r/ b! B" q/ q: F1 {
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to8 I  p( B8 |9 v. \  W( }1 ]6 U
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
+ k# o) }2 I: W# ^! B$ j" hSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
% C3 r  l- r" }$ Ubaseline value in those females who were exposed to. F; O; i5 _' v0 ]5 b/ L/ Q* N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
9 y/ L4 k' v+ e& ?" m8 l2 a9 ~partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-
; Y- g8 T# ]/ {. v, H; i( q7 Qtion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.0 l) v; s1 J5 F; e7 H: |
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
* c" `4 G- B. G9 ?5 |+ ?, Zwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
0 d5 u* b+ u) \dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
! y6 N( Z/ j7 u0 |; [2 q. q! \& [terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more# P: z2 z" X  r$ u* \" p
active in young children exposed to testosterone
2 f5 C9 N: m+ E; G2 Q- G- A( \. aexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
6 Z5 Q1 i% b  ~1 Vdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to) I9 g4 R5 @2 D4 H( y0 W5 h) R; r; r
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in" U, a6 h4 \  z
children results in an increase in growth velocity and
. t' n2 h# H; J- N* Nadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.
) J* u% A+ }9 s7 bThe long-term effect of androgen exposure during
8 Z* F! L& ]9 T' W9 \3 Tearly childhood on pubertal development and final
3 y2 ^9 k+ {3 z( R4 Q+ {adult height are not fully known and always remain
  K' O4 J9 K; _a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
7 Y- k! t. v6 lterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some  O' S' \% p0 G2 |* {2 O! T
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
+ _# J7 ^$ N$ X0 dcessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
7 y0 K# R0 Z6 Sdecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
8 b- |- q1 }0 J5 V' c; cThere are conflicting reports and controversy6 y3 S! P; w/ W2 ^5 i5 F: h6 C/ Y2 n- t
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
0 V" ]2 E+ q2 e* U/ E; Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
. L4 t: T" |- `adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-/ h5 z" _2 _: v: w
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
( m8 _7 |% e* K- B) cSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
. l* f; B- b1 r) ]: p7 z' gchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult
: h5 e8 ^* L: {  c* Rpenile length in clinical studies.
3 J& z# `, X* m- kNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
6 I$ O, d; x( }$ I: n+ m, Hgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from, o1 T: V; z3 g0 ?5 f
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
4 C4 `' y) d* L5 T# `$ v5 Wthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.- Z  s& ^9 @; c# J
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
# `1 X) `: k1 C" L( Tdiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at" f5 r' Q( V7 G7 a( s9 ^
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult
  w, Q5 S' q4 C' a/ p. K1 theight will not be affected.4 F' q% y1 M  b; p% X
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
4 L+ B: o. d. g! nability of androgen products in our society may
3 e5 ~+ J( m3 n2 m2 T, Rindeed cause more virilization in male or female
- e% W2 h* V4 ?+ |6 q4 hchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-2 ~4 f# X- v4 K% ]
gen products must be considered and specific ques-) \( D7 v' S) g; m; E
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or3 \' S, ]. S( q$ Y* q) M
gel should be asked of the family members during: z) a5 A3 N3 P
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-4 l1 M6 g- q+ L6 W  b$ O5 m0 U* s
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
& c) U# }. b: ]& C4 ^nosis can be established by just a few tests and by8 b4 `- s( V/ A$ R  ?: G6 D: u
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
" q0 _! h0 A) v" l! |history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may8 E& l. s1 U/ E7 p; o0 r" `
result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive$ e) Y+ D0 O; }5 y$ O! _+ }/ h+ l, [
investigation. The primary care physician should be
0 g! O2 |& ~# X( Y9 yaware of this fact, because most of these children: A! e  [# z( g0 K% J5 l' P
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’5 i& c5 r- {) D% p' u: d: A: y
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a' ?% K6 E: m9 Q+ |: E. C$ m
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or1 `# @- f0 K/ t" L& l6 t5 L
female child who might come in contact with some-5 ?; j# ?9 K: K# r* T) A) K
one using any of these products.6 b+ h4 [/ |) t
References- N& H( N7 d# X. X4 j& ]( ~
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation' Q5 R0 N5 c6 d+ f7 x3 G
and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric3 S, K9 d( |1 P' T# I- m' Y/ X
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;
; X. I0 p( l8 Y# c2 n2002: 565-628.) H% X/ r7 a, V
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
' m: L3 N" ]+ J: |puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
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感謝大大的辛勞分享!我會繼續在WK關注大大的文章!
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
VIP精品區,資源無限好賺金任務區,輕松賺金幣
加入VIP,享受高級特權宣傳賺金又升級,超級棒
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
* u4 R; I8 c4 M. q% t4 o* C
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
發表於 2025-3-8 22:04:50 | 顯示全部樓層
絕對的好貼!謝謝啊!逐字逐圖地看完這個帖子以後,我的心久久不能平靜,感恩啊!
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